NURS 534 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026 FULL
SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD QUESTIONS
◉ what factors lower the menopause date?
Answer: smoking, nulliparity, menstrual regularity and shorter cycle
length, family hx of early menopause, increased galactose intake,
type 1 DM,
◉ What defines menopause?
Answer: -amenorrhea for >1 year
-
◉ What are diagnostic tests for menopause?
Answer: - TSH
- HCG
- CBC
- pap
-endometrial biopsy
- transvaginal US
,-FSH >40
-LH
◉ What are some perimenopause symptoms?
Answer: - sleep disturbances
- mood disturbances
- somatic symptoms (fatigue, palpitations, headache, increased
migraine, breast pain and enlargement)
-oligio- anovulation
◉ What are some ways to manage of menopause symptoms?
Answer: - aerobic exercise
-dietary habits- high complex carbs
- stress reduction
-smoking cessation
- herbal therapies- isoflavonoid and black cohosh
◉ what are the vaginal/urogenital symptoms of menopause and
how are they treated?
Answer: - decrease in estrogen produce atrophic changes in bladder
and urethra epithelium
- increased risk for atrophic cystitis- urgency, frequency,
incontinence, dyuria
,- disappearance of lactobacilli can increase vaginal infections
- loss of support of the urethrovescical junction can lead to stress
urinary incontincence
- treatments- pap smearand u/a- r/o infx
-topical vaginal application of estrogen product- estradiol ring, or
estrogen vag rin
- water soluble vag lubricants
-sitz bath, vinegear douches,
-kegels exercises
◉ What is the menopausal metabolic syndrome?
Answer: - lipid triad- hypertriglyceridemia, increased LDL and
decreased HDL
- abnorms of insulin- insulin resistance, increased insulin secretion-
hyperinsulinemia
- other factors- endothelial dysfunction, increased visceral fat
◉ what is the recommendation for HRT?
Answer: -only for women with moderate to severe symptoms
-not for prevention of heart disease or stroke, dementia
-used for vasomotor symptoms- hot flashes, night sweats disturbed
sleep patterns, concentration, memory
-prevent/treat osteoporosis- hip and vertebrae
, - GU atrophy- bladder irritability, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia
-MINIMUM dose for shortest time required
◉ what are the the concerns with HRT?
Answer: - increased risk for VTE
-increased risk for breast CA with prolonged use
-increased risk for endometrial cancer with ET
-increase risk for cardiac events for older women with EPT
-probable increase in strokes
◉ what are contraindications to HRT?
Answer: undiagnosed vaginal bleeding,
-acute vascular thrombosis,
-active liver disease with abn LFTs
-history of endometrial or breast cancer
-active or recent angina/MI
-uncontrolled HTN
-pregnancy or breast feeding
◉ What are the WHI 5 poits of agreement?
Answer: 1. for younger women, HRT is acceptable for mod/severe
menopausal young women 59yo
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026 FULL
SOLUTION VIEW AHEAD QUESTIONS
◉ what factors lower the menopause date?
Answer: smoking, nulliparity, menstrual regularity and shorter cycle
length, family hx of early menopause, increased galactose intake,
type 1 DM,
◉ What defines menopause?
Answer: -amenorrhea for >1 year
-
◉ What are diagnostic tests for menopause?
Answer: - TSH
- HCG
- CBC
- pap
-endometrial biopsy
- transvaginal US
,-FSH >40
-LH
◉ What are some perimenopause symptoms?
Answer: - sleep disturbances
- mood disturbances
- somatic symptoms (fatigue, palpitations, headache, increased
migraine, breast pain and enlargement)
-oligio- anovulation
◉ What are some ways to manage of menopause symptoms?
Answer: - aerobic exercise
-dietary habits- high complex carbs
- stress reduction
-smoking cessation
- herbal therapies- isoflavonoid and black cohosh
◉ what are the vaginal/urogenital symptoms of menopause and
how are they treated?
Answer: - decrease in estrogen produce atrophic changes in bladder
and urethra epithelium
- increased risk for atrophic cystitis- urgency, frequency,
incontinence, dyuria
,- disappearance of lactobacilli can increase vaginal infections
- loss of support of the urethrovescical junction can lead to stress
urinary incontincence
- treatments- pap smearand u/a- r/o infx
-topical vaginal application of estrogen product- estradiol ring, or
estrogen vag rin
- water soluble vag lubricants
-sitz bath, vinegear douches,
-kegels exercises
◉ What is the menopausal metabolic syndrome?
Answer: - lipid triad- hypertriglyceridemia, increased LDL and
decreased HDL
- abnorms of insulin- insulin resistance, increased insulin secretion-
hyperinsulinemia
- other factors- endothelial dysfunction, increased visceral fat
◉ what is the recommendation for HRT?
Answer: -only for women with moderate to severe symptoms
-not for prevention of heart disease or stroke, dementia
-used for vasomotor symptoms- hot flashes, night sweats disturbed
sleep patterns, concentration, memory
-prevent/treat osteoporosis- hip and vertebrae
, - GU atrophy- bladder irritability, vaginal dryness, dyspareunia
-MINIMUM dose for shortest time required
◉ what are the the concerns with HRT?
Answer: - increased risk for VTE
-increased risk for breast CA with prolonged use
-increased risk for endometrial cancer with ET
-increase risk for cardiac events for older women with EPT
-probable increase in strokes
◉ what are contraindications to HRT?
Answer: undiagnosed vaginal bleeding,
-acute vascular thrombosis,
-active liver disease with abn LFTs
-history of endometrial or breast cancer
-active or recent angina/MI
-uncontrolled HTN
-pregnancy or breast feeding
◉ What are the WHI 5 poits of agreement?
Answer: 1. for younger women, HRT is acceptable for mod/severe
menopausal young women 59yo
