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BIOD 102 FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 | HUMAN ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY II – PORTAGE LEARNING | EXPERT
VERIFIED | 125 VERIFIED Q&A | DETAILED
RATIONALES | PASS GUARANTEED – A+ GRADED
Question 1
A student is reviewing the components of blood. Which of the following is the most abundant
formed element in blood?
A. White blood cells
B. Platelets
C. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
D. Plasma proteins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are the most abundant formed element in blood,
accounting for approximately 45% of blood volume (hematocrit). White blood cells and platelets are
less abundant. Plasma proteins are not formed elements.
Question 2
A student is reviewing the function of hemoglobin. Which of the following is the primary function of
hemoglobin?
A. Fighting infection
B. Clotting blood
C. Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
D. Producing antibodies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon
dioxide from tissues to the lungs. White blood cells fight infection. Platelets clot blood. B cells
produce antibodies.
Question 3
A student is reviewing the process of erythropoiesis. Which of the following hormones stimulates
red blood cell production?
A. Insulin
B. Erythropoietin (EPO)
C. Cortisol
D. Thyroxine
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Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Erythropoietin (EPO), produced by the kidneys, stimulates red blood cell production in
the bone marrow. Insulin, cortisol, and thyroxine do not stimulate erythropoiesis.
Question 4
A student is reviewing the types of white blood cells. Which of the following is the most abundant
type of white blood cell?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Monocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Eosinophils
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells (50-70%). Lymphocytes are 20-40%.
Monocytes are 2-8%. Eosinophils are 1-4%.
Question 5
A student is reviewing the function of platelets. Which of the following is the primary function of
platelets?
A. Transporting oxygen
B. Fighting infection
C. Blood clotting (hemostasis)
D. Producing antibodies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Platelets (thrombocytes) are essential for blood clotting (hemostasis). Red blood cells
transport oxygen. White blood cells fight infection. B cells produce antibodies.
Question 6
A student is reviewing the blood types. Which of the following blood types is the universal donor?
A. Type A
B. Type B
C. Type AB
D. Type O negative
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Type O negative blood is the universal donor because it lacks A and B antigens and Rh
factor, so it can be given to any recipient. Type AB positive is the universal recipient.
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Question 7
A student is reviewing the blood types. Which of the following blood types is the universal recipient?
A. Type A
B. Type B
C. Type AB positive
D. Type O negative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type AB positive is the universal recipient because it has no antibodies against A, B, or Rh,
so it can receive any blood type.
Question 8
A student is reviewing the Rh factor. Which of the following is a concern with Rh incompatibility?
A. Type A blood
B. Hemolytic disease of the newborn
C. Type B blood
D. Anemia only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rh incompatibility (Rh-negative mother with Rh-positive baby) can cause hemolytic
disease of the newborn. Type A and B blood are not Rh factors.
Question 9
A student is reviewing the layers of the heart. Which of the following is the outermost layer of the
heart?
A. Endocardium
B. Myocardium
C. Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
D. Parietal pericardium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The epicardium (visceral pericardium) is the outermost layer of the heart. Endocardium is
the innermost. Myocardium is the middle (muscle) layer. Parietal pericardium surrounds the
pericardial cavity.
Question 10
A student is reviewing the heart chambers. Which of the following chambers pumps blood to the
lungs?
A. Right atrium
B. Right ventricle
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C. Left atrium
D. Left ventricle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The
left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body. Atria receive blood.
Question 11
A student is reviewing the heart chambers. Which of the following chambers pumps blood to the
body?
A. Right atrium
B. Right ventricle
C. Left atrium
D. Left ventricle
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta. The right ventricle
pumps blood to the lungs.
Question 12
A student is reviewing the heart valves. Which of the following is the valve between the right atrium
and right ventricle?
A. Mitral valve
B. Tricuspid valve
C. Aortic valve
D. Pulmonary valve
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle. The mitral (bicuspid)
valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Question 13
A student is reviewing the heart valves. Which of the following is the valve between the left atrium
and left ventricle?
A. Mitral (bicuspid) valve
B. Tricuspid valve
C. Aortic valve
D. Pulmonary valve
Correct Answer: A
BIOD 102 FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 | HUMAN ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY II – PORTAGE LEARNING | EXPERT
VERIFIED | 125 VERIFIED Q&A | DETAILED
RATIONALES | PASS GUARANTEED – A+ GRADED
Question 1
A student is reviewing the components of blood. Which of the following is the most abundant
formed element in blood?
A. White blood cells
B. Platelets
C. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
D. Plasma proteins
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are the most abundant formed element in blood,
accounting for approximately 45% of blood volume (hematocrit). White blood cells and platelets are
less abundant. Plasma proteins are not formed elements.
Question 2
A student is reviewing the function of hemoglobin. Which of the following is the primary function of
hemoglobin?
A. Fighting infection
B. Clotting blood
C. Transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide
D. Producing antibodies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon
dioxide from tissues to the lungs. White blood cells fight infection. Platelets clot blood. B cells
produce antibodies.
Question 3
A student is reviewing the process of erythropoiesis. Which of the following hormones stimulates
red blood cell production?
A. Insulin
B. Erythropoietin (EPO)
C. Cortisol
D. Thyroxine
,2
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Erythropoietin (EPO), produced by the kidneys, stimulates red blood cell production in
the bone marrow. Insulin, cortisol, and thyroxine do not stimulate erythropoiesis.
Question 4
A student is reviewing the types of white blood cells. Which of the following is the most abundant
type of white blood cell?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Monocytes
C. Neutrophils
D. Eosinophils
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells (50-70%). Lymphocytes are 20-40%.
Monocytes are 2-8%. Eosinophils are 1-4%.
Question 5
A student is reviewing the function of platelets. Which of the following is the primary function of
platelets?
A. Transporting oxygen
B. Fighting infection
C. Blood clotting (hemostasis)
D. Producing antibodies
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Platelets (thrombocytes) are essential for blood clotting (hemostasis). Red blood cells
transport oxygen. White blood cells fight infection. B cells produce antibodies.
Question 6
A student is reviewing the blood types. Which of the following blood types is the universal donor?
A. Type A
B. Type B
C. Type AB
D. Type O negative
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Type O negative blood is the universal donor because it lacks A and B antigens and Rh
factor, so it can be given to any recipient. Type AB positive is the universal recipient.
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Question 7
A student is reviewing the blood types. Which of the following blood types is the universal recipient?
A. Type A
B. Type B
C. Type AB positive
D. Type O negative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Type AB positive is the universal recipient because it has no antibodies against A, B, or Rh,
so it can receive any blood type.
Question 8
A student is reviewing the Rh factor. Which of the following is a concern with Rh incompatibility?
A. Type A blood
B. Hemolytic disease of the newborn
C. Type B blood
D. Anemia only
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rh incompatibility (Rh-negative mother with Rh-positive baby) can cause hemolytic
disease of the newborn. Type A and B blood are not Rh factors.
Question 9
A student is reviewing the layers of the heart. Which of the following is the outermost layer of the
heart?
A. Endocardium
B. Myocardium
C. Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
D. Parietal pericardium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The epicardium (visceral pericardium) is the outermost layer of the heart. Endocardium is
the innermost. Myocardium is the middle (muscle) layer. Parietal pericardium surrounds the
pericardial cavity.
Question 10
A student is reviewing the heart chambers. Which of the following chambers pumps blood to the
lungs?
A. Right atrium
B. Right ventricle
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C. Left atrium
D. Left ventricle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The
left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body. Atria receive blood.
Question 11
A student is reviewing the heart chambers. Which of the following chambers pumps blood to the
body?
A. Right atrium
B. Right ventricle
C. Left atrium
D. Left ventricle
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta. The right ventricle
pumps blood to the lungs.
Question 12
A student is reviewing the heart valves. Which of the following is the valve between the right atrium
and right ventricle?
A. Mitral valve
B. Tricuspid valve
C. Aortic valve
D. Pulmonary valve
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle. The mitral (bicuspid)
valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Question 13
A student is reviewing the heart valves. Which of the following is the valve between the left atrium
and left ventricle?
A. Mitral (bicuspid) valve
B. Tricuspid valve
C. Aortic valve
D. Pulmonary valve
Correct Answer: A
