,NURS 231 / BIOD 331 Pathophysiology Module 3 Exam |
Portage Learning| Q&A | 26/27 Edition (PDF)
1. Which type of immunity is characterized by the development of a specific response to an antigen?
A) Innate immunity
B) Adaptive immunity
C) Passive immunity
D) Barriers immunity
Correct Answer: Adaptive immunity
Rationale: Adaptive immunity, also known as acquired immunity, is distinguished by its antigen
specificity, immunological memory, and capacity for a tailored response. Upon exposure to a novel
antigen, B and T lymphocytes undergo clonal expansion and differentiation, enabling a highly specific
attack on the invading pathogen.
2. Which cells are the primary cells involved in the adaptive immune response?
A) Eosinophils
B) Neutrophils
C) Lymphocytes
D) Macrophages
Correct Answer: Lymphocytes
Rationale: Lymphocytes, which include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells, are central to the adaptive
immune response. B lymphocytes mediate humoral immunity through the production of antibodies,
while T lymphocytes mediate cellular immunity by directly attacking infected or altered cells.
3. Which type of immunity is present at birth and provides the first line of defense against pathogens?
A) Adaptive immunity
B) Innate immunity
,C) Passive immunity
D) Humoral immunity
Correct Answer: Innate immunity
Rationale: Innate immunity is the non-specific, first-line defense that is present at birth. It includes
physical barriers (skin), chemical barriers, and cellular components like phagocytes. Adaptive immunity
develops over time in response to specific antigens.
4. What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
A) Inflammation
B) Physical and chemical barriers
C) Antibody production
D) T cell activation
Correct Answer: Physical and chemical barriers
Rationale: The first line of defense includes physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, as
well as chemical barriers such as lysozyme, gastric acid, and antimicrobial peptides. Innate immune cells
and inflammation constitute the second line of defense.
5. The skin acts as the body's primary physical barrier against microbial invasion due to its:
A) Single layer of epithelial cells
B) Structure and chemical properties
C) Ability to produce antibodies
D) High pH environment
Correct Answer: Structure and chemical properties
, Rationale: The skin's epidermis is comprised of multiple layers of tightly packed epithelial cells,
particularly keratinocytes, arranged in overlapping strata. The stratum corneum consists of dead,
keratinized cells that are continuously shed. The skin's surface is also slightly acidic (pH 4-6).
6. What is the role of the keratin protein in the skin's defense?
A) It produces antibodies
B) It reinforces mechanical strength and provides resistance to microbial enzymes
C) It attracts immune cells to the skin
D) It increases the pH of the skin
Correct Answer: It reinforces mechanical strength and provides resistance to microbial enzymes
Rationale: Keratin protein reinforces the mechanical strength of the skin and provides resistance to
microbial enzymes. It does not produce antibodies, attract immune cells, or increase skin pH.
7. Sebum and sweat contribute to the skin's defense by containing:
A) Antibodies and cytokines
B) Antimicrobial peptides and enzymes like lysozyme
C) Antigens and complement proteins
D) Histamine and prostaglandins
Correct Answer: Antimicrobial peptides and enzymes like lysozyme
Rationale: Sebum and sweat contain antimicrobial peptides (such as defensins) and enzymes like
lysozyme, which can hydrolyze bacterial cell walls. These chemical properties make the skin inhospitable
to microorganisms.
8. The slightly acidic pH of the skin (pH 4-6) serves to:
A) Attract beneficial bacteria
B) Create an environment unfavorable to many pathogens
Portage Learning| Q&A | 26/27 Edition (PDF)
1. Which type of immunity is characterized by the development of a specific response to an antigen?
A) Innate immunity
B) Adaptive immunity
C) Passive immunity
D) Barriers immunity
Correct Answer: Adaptive immunity
Rationale: Adaptive immunity, also known as acquired immunity, is distinguished by its antigen
specificity, immunological memory, and capacity for a tailored response. Upon exposure to a novel
antigen, B and T lymphocytes undergo clonal expansion and differentiation, enabling a highly specific
attack on the invading pathogen.
2. Which cells are the primary cells involved in the adaptive immune response?
A) Eosinophils
B) Neutrophils
C) Lymphocytes
D) Macrophages
Correct Answer: Lymphocytes
Rationale: Lymphocytes, which include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells, are central to the adaptive
immune response. B lymphocytes mediate humoral immunity through the production of antibodies,
while T lymphocytes mediate cellular immunity by directly attacking infected or altered cells.
3. Which type of immunity is present at birth and provides the first line of defense against pathogens?
A) Adaptive immunity
B) Innate immunity
,C) Passive immunity
D) Humoral immunity
Correct Answer: Innate immunity
Rationale: Innate immunity is the non-specific, first-line defense that is present at birth. It includes
physical barriers (skin), chemical barriers, and cellular components like phagocytes. Adaptive immunity
develops over time in response to specific antigens.
4. What is the first line of defense in the immune system?
A) Inflammation
B) Physical and chemical barriers
C) Antibody production
D) T cell activation
Correct Answer: Physical and chemical barriers
Rationale: The first line of defense includes physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, as
well as chemical barriers such as lysozyme, gastric acid, and antimicrobial peptides. Innate immune cells
and inflammation constitute the second line of defense.
5. The skin acts as the body's primary physical barrier against microbial invasion due to its:
A) Single layer of epithelial cells
B) Structure and chemical properties
C) Ability to produce antibodies
D) High pH environment
Correct Answer: Structure and chemical properties
, Rationale: The skin's epidermis is comprised of multiple layers of tightly packed epithelial cells,
particularly keratinocytes, arranged in overlapping strata. The stratum corneum consists of dead,
keratinized cells that are continuously shed. The skin's surface is also slightly acidic (pH 4-6).
6. What is the role of the keratin protein in the skin's defense?
A) It produces antibodies
B) It reinforces mechanical strength and provides resistance to microbial enzymes
C) It attracts immune cells to the skin
D) It increases the pH of the skin
Correct Answer: It reinforces mechanical strength and provides resistance to microbial enzymes
Rationale: Keratin protein reinforces the mechanical strength of the skin and provides resistance to
microbial enzymes. It does not produce antibodies, attract immune cells, or increase skin pH.
7. Sebum and sweat contribute to the skin's defense by containing:
A) Antibodies and cytokines
B) Antimicrobial peptides and enzymes like lysozyme
C) Antigens and complement proteins
D) Histamine and prostaglandins
Correct Answer: Antimicrobial peptides and enzymes like lysozyme
Rationale: Sebum and sweat contain antimicrobial peptides (such as defensins) and enzymes like
lysozyme, which can hydrolyze bacterial cell walls. These chemical properties make the skin inhospitable
to microorganisms.
8. The slightly acidic pH of the skin (pH 4-6) serves to:
A) Attract beneficial bacteria
B) Create an environment unfavorable to many pathogens
