FINAL EXAM 2026-2027 NEWEST VERSION WITH
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS|| CURRECT FINAL EXAM 2026
EDITION|| LATEST UPDATE
Non-gradable adjectives
Adjectives that cannot be expressed in degrees and so cannot be
graded.
Backwash
The positive or negative impact of a test on classroom teaching.
Substitution
The replacing of a noun phrase or a clause by a single word in order
to avoid repetition or to make a text more cohesive.
Universal Grammar
The theory which claims that every speaker of a language knows a
set of principles which apply to all languages and also a set of
parameters that can vary from one language to another, but only
within set limits.
Connotation
The attitudinal meaning of a word, which may be culturally
determined, such as whether it carries a positive or negative
meaning.
,Fossilisation
A process through which an error has become a permanent feature
of a learner's language use and is believed to be resistant to
correction.
Adjacency pair
A sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers. The
first utterance leads to a set of expectations about the response.
Anaphoric reference
A word or phrase that refers back to another word or phrase which
was used earlier in a written or spoken text.
Collocation
Two or more words that co-occur in a language more often that
would be expected by chance.
,Order of acquisition
The order in which grammar/language items are thought to be
acquired.
Structural syllabus
A syllabus which is based around a series of grammatical structures,
which are sequenced according to assumed level of complexity.
cognitive deficit
The limitations on processing information in a second language
compared to in L1.
Tautology
When two synonyms are placed consecutively or very close
together for effect. eg. the reason why
Metalanguage
The language used to describe, analyse or explain another
language including, for example, grammatical terms and rules of
syntax.
Realia
Real objects used as teaching aids to make learning more natural.
Includes items such as tickets, pictures, clothes, etc.
, Parsing
the process of analyzing a text to determine its grammatical
structure with respect to a given formal grammar. Also known as
syntactic analysis.
Pragmatic competence
The ability to use language in a contextually appropriate fashion.
Apodosis
The main clause in a conditional sentence.
Phatic speech
Words or phrases that have a social function and are not meant
literally. For example, "You're welcome" after hearing thank you
doesn't literally mean the hearer is welcome.
Ephenthesis
The process of adding vowels to make possible syllables out of
impossible consonant sequences, for example /helep/ for help.
Idiolect
A variety of a language unique to an individual. It is manifested by
patterns of vocabulary or idiom selection (the individual's lexicon),
grammar, or pronunciations that are unique to the individual.