HESI PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
LATEST 2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
100% VERIFIED GRADED A+
Acid-BasemValuesm-mCORRECTmANSWERmNormalmvaluesm—
mThemrangemofmnormalmvaluesmvariesmamongmlaboratories.mInmgeneral,mnormalmvaluesmformaciditym
(pH),mthempartialmpressuremofmcarbonmdioxidem(PaCO2)mandmbicarbonatemconcentrationm(HCO3)ma
remasmfollows:
●pHm-m7.35mtom7.45
●PaCO2m-m35mtom45mmmHgm(4.7mtom6mkPa)
●HCO3m-m21mtom27mmEq/L
Respiratorymacidosism-
mCORRECTmANSWERmexcessmCO2mretention,mpHm<7.35,mHCo3m>45,mPaCO2m>45
S/S:manxiety,mapprehension,mconfusion/coma,mexcessivemsweating,mheadache,mrestlessness,mtach
ycardia
Respiratorymalkalosism-
mCORRECTmANSWERmexcessmCO2mexcretion,mpHm>7.45,mHCO3m<35,mPaCO2m<35
S/S:manxiety,mfear,mlightheadedness,mparesthesias,mrapidmdeepmbreathing,mtwitching
,MetabolicmAcidosism-
mCORRECTmANSWERmHCO3mlossmandmacidmretention,mpHm<7.35,mHCO3<22,mPaCO2m>35
S/S:mcomam(inmseveremcases),mdrowsiness,mfatigue,mfruitymbreathm(ifmDKA),mheadache,mlethargy,mn
ausea,mrapidmdeepmbreathing,mvomiting.
MetabolicmAlkalosism-
mCORRECTmANSWERmHCO3mretention,macidmloss,mpH>77.45,mHCO3m>28,mPaCO2m>m45
S/S:mcomam(inmseveremcases),mconfusion,mirritability,mhypertonicmmuscles,mmentalmapathy,mrestless
ness,mseizures,mslowmshallowmbreathing,mtetany,mtwitching
AmputationmIndicationsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERm●Anmunsalvageablemextremitymduemtomcriticalmlimbmischemiaminmpatientsmwit
hmvascularmdisease.mPrimarymamputationmmaymbemthemonlymoptionmformpatientsmwithoutmanmanat
omicmoptionmformrevascularizationmormthosemwithmmedicalmriskmfactorsmthatmcontraindicatemrevasc
ularization.m
•Peripheralmarterymdisease.
•Acutemarterialmthrombosismormthromboembolism.m
●Traumamresultingminmammangledmextremitymormfailedmattemptmatmlimbmsalvage.m
●Severeminfectionsmwithmextensivemsoftmtissuemormbonymdestruction,mormosteomyelitis.
●Locallymunresectablemmalignantmtumorsmofmthemmusculoskeletalmsystemm[6].m
, ●Frostbite-relatedmgangrene.m
●Failedmmanagementmofmacutemcompartmentmsyndrome.m
●FailedmmanagementmofmCharcot'smdegenerativemosteoarthropathy.
●Debilitatingmextremitymparalysis,mwhichmcanmbemunilateralmbutmismfrequentlymbilateralm(eg,mpara
plegia),mfromminfectionmormpressure-relatedmcomplications.
AmputationmMedicalmRisksm-
mCORRECTmANSWERm●Myocardialminfarctionmismthemmostmcommonmcausemofmdeathmfollowingmlo
wermextremitymamputationminmpatientsmwithmperipheralmarterymdisease
●Pulmonarymcomplications,mincludingmatelectasismandmpneumonia,mcomplicatem5mpercentmofmmaj
ormlowermextremitymamputations
●Themincidencemofmnew-
onsetmrenalmfailuremaftermamlowermextremitymmajormamputationmism0.6mtom2.6mpercent.mRenalmfail
uremismassociatedmwithmincreasedmoperativemandmlong-termmmortality
AmputationmComplicationsm-mCORRECTmANSWERm-Deepmveinmthrombosism—
mDeepmveinmthrombosism(DVT)mhasmbeenmreportedminmupmtom50mpercentmofmpatientsmfollowingmma
jormlowermextremitymamputationmwithoutmprophylaxism[32].mThemincidencemofmdeepmveinmthromb
osismismhighermformabove-kneemamputationmcomparedmwithmbelow-
kneemamputationm(37.5mversusm21.2mpercent,mrespectively)m[47].mThismdifferencemmaymcontribute
mtomthemincreasedmincidencemofmsuddenmdeathmduemtomthromboembolismminmpatientsmwithmabov
e-
kneemamputation.mThus,mitmismimportantmtomprovidemthromboprophylaxis.m(Seem'Thromboprophyl
axis'mabovemandm'Perioperativemmortality'mbelow.)
LATEST 2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
100% VERIFIED GRADED A+
Acid-BasemValuesm-mCORRECTmANSWERmNormalmvaluesm—
mThemrangemofmnormalmvaluesmvariesmamongmlaboratories.mInmgeneral,mnormalmvaluesmformaciditym
(pH),mthempartialmpressuremofmcarbonmdioxidem(PaCO2)mandmbicarbonatemconcentrationm(HCO3)ma
remasmfollows:
●pHm-m7.35mtom7.45
●PaCO2m-m35mtom45mmmHgm(4.7mtom6mkPa)
●HCO3m-m21mtom27mmEq/L
Respiratorymacidosism-
mCORRECTmANSWERmexcessmCO2mretention,mpHm<7.35,mHCo3m>45,mPaCO2m>45
S/S:manxiety,mapprehension,mconfusion/coma,mexcessivemsweating,mheadache,mrestlessness,mtach
ycardia
Respiratorymalkalosism-
mCORRECTmANSWERmexcessmCO2mexcretion,mpHm>7.45,mHCO3m<35,mPaCO2m<35
S/S:manxiety,mfear,mlightheadedness,mparesthesias,mrapidmdeepmbreathing,mtwitching
,MetabolicmAcidosism-
mCORRECTmANSWERmHCO3mlossmandmacidmretention,mpHm<7.35,mHCO3<22,mPaCO2m>35
S/S:mcomam(inmseveremcases),mdrowsiness,mfatigue,mfruitymbreathm(ifmDKA),mheadache,mlethargy,mn
ausea,mrapidmdeepmbreathing,mvomiting.
MetabolicmAlkalosism-
mCORRECTmANSWERmHCO3mretention,macidmloss,mpH>77.45,mHCO3m>28,mPaCO2m>m45
S/S:mcomam(inmseveremcases),mconfusion,mirritability,mhypertonicmmuscles,mmentalmapathy,mrestless
ness,mseizures,mslowmshallowmbreathing,mtetany,mtwitching
AmputationmIndicationsm-
mCORRECTmANSWERm●Anmunsalvageablemextremitymduemtomcriticalmlimbmischemiaminmpatientsmwit
hmvascularmdisease.mPrimarymamputationmmaymbemthemonlymoptionmformpatientsmwithoutmanmanat
omicmoptionmformrevascularizationmormthosemwithmmedicalmriskmfactorsmthatmcontraindicatemrevasc
ularization.m
•Peripheralmarterymdisease.
•Acutemarterialmthrombosismormthromboembolism.m
●Traumamresultingminmammangledmextremitymormfailedmattemptmatmlimbmsalvage.m
●Severeminfectionsmwithmextensivemsoftmtissuemormbonymdestruction,mormosteomyelitis.
●Locallymunresectablemmalignantmtumorsmofmthemmusculoskeletalmsystemm[6].m
, ●Frostbite-relatedmgangrene.m
●Failedmmanagementmofmacutemcompartmentmsyndrome.m
●FailedmmanagementmofmCharcot'smdegenerativemosteoarthropathy.
●Debilitatingmextremitymparalysis,mwhichmcanmbemunilateralmbutmismfrequentlymbilateralm(eg,mpara
plegia),mfromminfectionmormpressure-relatedmcomplications.
AmputationmMedicalmRisksm-
mCORRECTmANSWERm●Myocardialminfarctionmismthemmostmcommonmcausemofmdeathmfollowingmlo
wermextremitymamputationminmpatientsmwithmperipheralmarterymdisease
●Pulmonarymcomplications,mincludingmatelectasismandmpneumonia,mcomplicatem5mpercentmofmmaj
ormlowermextremitymamputations
●Themincidencemofmnew-
onsetmrenalmfailuremaftermamlowermextremitymmajormamputationmism0.6mtom2.6mpercent.mRenalmfail
uremismassociatedmwithmincreasedmoperativemandmlong-termmmortality
AmputationmComplicationsm-mCORRECTmANSWERm-Deepmveinmthrombosism—
mDeepmveinmthrombosism(DVT)mhasmbeenmreportedminmupmtom50mpercentmofmpatientsmfollowingmma
jormlowermextremitymamputationmwithoutmprophylaxism[32].mThemincidencemofmdeepmveinmthromb
osismismhighermformabove-kneemamputationmcomparedmwithmbelow-
kneemamputationm(37.5mversusm21.2mpercent,mrespectively)m[47].mThismdifferencemmaymcontribute
mtomthemincreasedmincidencemofmsuddenmdeathmduemtomthromboembolismminmpatientsmwithmabov
e-
kneemamputation.mThus,mitmismimportantmtomprovidemthromboprophylaxis.m(Seem'Thromboprophyl
axis'mabovemandm'Perioperativemmortality'mbelow.)
