CERTIFIED OPHTHALMIC ASSISTANT STUDY
GUIDE II HIGH-YIELD REFRACTION BASICS,
OCULAR DISEASES, AND DIAGNOSTIC
TESTING SUMMARY 2026
◉ What is a yellow top on eye drops for?
A. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
B. Prostaglandin analogues
C. Beta-blockers
D. Cycloplegics.
Answer: C. Beta-blockers
* Can also be light blue!
* Used to treat glaucoma; it helps to decrease the production of
aqueous humor and reduce IOP
* Examples:
- Timolol
- Levobunolol
- Betaxolol (light blue top)
◉ The purpose of keratometry is to measure:.
Answer: The curvature of the anterior corneal surface
,◉ An eye alignment deviation that is not present unless fusion is
disrupted is called a:
A. Phoria
B. Tropia
C. Hyper deviation
D. Eso deviation.
Answer: A. Phoria
* Tropia and Phorias are terms to describe when the eyes are not in
alignment with each other
* A tropia is always present, while phorias are there "some of the
time," such as when the patient is tired or when fusion is broken
(you cover an eye and it starts to drift).
◉ The endpoint of the Maddox Rod test occurs when:
A. The red dot is superimposed on the light
B. The red line goes through the light
C. The red line disappears
D. The red line is above the light.
Answer: B. The red line goes through the light
◉ A condition in which blood has settled in the bottom half of the
anterior chamber of the eye is called a:
,A. Subconjunctival hemorrhage
B. Pink eye
C. Hyphema
D. Glaucoma.
Answer: C. Hyphema
* A subconjunctival hemorrhage will only involve the white of the
eye, not the center, and will typically have no pain associated with it
* A hyphema will only affect the center of the eye, behind the cornea,
and will usually have pain and additional symptoms associated with
it
◉ An outward deviation of the eye(s) is a(n) ____ and an inward
deviation of the eye(s) is called a(n) ______.
A. Esodeviation / Exodeviation
B. Esophoria / Exophoria
C. Exodeviation / Esodeviation
D. Exophoria / Esophoria.
Answer: C. Exodeviation / Esodeviation
* Esotropia means that one eye is deviated inward and is often called
crossed eyes
* Exotropia is when one or both eyes look outward, often called wall-
eyed
* A tropia is always present, while phorias are there "some of the
time".
, ◉ Kinetic perimetry means that the light stimulus is:
A. Moving from an area of non-seeing to an area of presumed seeing
B. A stimulus that is presented to the patient but not moved
C. A situation in which visual fields are performed without either eye
being occluded
D. The stimulus is jiggled slightly so the patient can see it.
Answer: A. Moving from an area of non-seeing to an area of
presumed seeing
* The two most commonly used types of perimetry are Goldmann
kinetic perimetry and threshold static automated perimetry
◉ What is the name of the condition where a fibrovascular growth
forms on the conjunctiva to a portion of the cornea?
A. Pterygium
B. Pinguecula
C. Exteration
D. Entropion.
Answer: A. Pterygium
* A pinguecula is characterized by a yellowish raised growth on the
conjunctiva typically at the nasal or temporal conjunctiva near the
edge of cornea
GUIDE II HIGH-YIELD REFRACTION BASICS,
OCULAR DISEASES, AND DIAGNOSTIC
TESTING SUMMARY 2026
◉ What is a yellow top on eye drops for?
A. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
B. Prostaglandin analogues
C. Beta-blockers
D. Cycloplegics.
Answer: C. Beta-blockers
* Can also be light blue!
* Used to treat glaucoma; it helps to decrease the production of
aqueous humor and reduce IOP
* Examples:
- Timolol
- Levobunolol
- Betaxolol (light blue top)
◉ The purpose of keratometry is to measure:.
Answer: The curvature of the anterior corneal surface
,◉ An eye alignment deviation that is not present unless fusion is
disrupted is called a:
A. Phoria
B. Tropia
C. Hyper deviation
D. Eso deviation.
Answer: A. Phoria
* Tropia and Phorias are terms to describe when the eyes are not in
alignment with each other
* A tropia is always present, while phorias are there "some of the
time," such as when the patient is tired or when fusion is broken
(you cover an eye and it starts to drift).
◉ The endpoint of the Maddox Rod test occurs when:
A. The red dot is superimposed on the light
B. The red line goes through the light
C. The red line disappears
D. The red line is above the light.
Answer: B. The red line goes through the light
◉ A condition in which blood has settled in the bottom half of the
anterior chamber of the eye is called a:
,A. Subconjunctival hemorrhage
B. Pink eye
C. Hyphema
D. Glaucoma.
Answer: C. Hyphema
* A subconjunctival hemorrhage will only involve the white of the
eye, not the center, and will typically have no pain associated with it
* A hyphema will only affect the center of the eye, behind the cornea,
and will usually have pain and additional symptoms associated with
it
◉ An outward deviation of the eye(s) is a(n) ____ and an inward
deviation of the eye(s) is called a(n) ______.
A. Esodeviation / Exodeviation
B. Esophoria / Exophoria
C. Exodeviation / Esodeviation
D. Exophoria / Esophoria.
Answer: C. Exodeviation / Esodeviation
* Esotropia means that one eye is deviated inward and is often called
crossed eyes
* Exotropia is when one or both eyes look outward, often called wall-
eyed
* A tropia is always present, while phorias are there "some of the
time".
, ◉ Kinetic perimetry means that the light stimulus is:
A. Moving from an area of non-seeing to an area of presumed seeing
B. A stimulus that is presented to the patient but not moved
C. A situation in which visual fields are performed without either eye
being occluded
D. The stimulus is jiggled slightly so the patient can see it.
Answer: A. Moving from an area of non-seeing to an area of
presumed seeing
* The two most commonly used types of perimetry are Goldmann
kinetic perimetry and threshold static automated perimetry
◉ What is the name of the condition where a fibrovascular growth
forms on the conjunctiva to a portion of the cornea?
A. Pterygium
B. Pinguecula
C. Exteration
D. Entropion.
Answer: A. Pterygium
* A pinguecula is characterized by a yellowish raised growth on the
conjunctiva typically at the nasal or temporal conjunctiva near the
edge of cornea
