AOCNP
EXAM STUDY GUIDE
300+ Review Qs & Terms
Board-Exam Preparation
Main Features:
• Focused AOCNP board-exam review
• Board-Prep Questions and Review Terms
• Extensive collection of Review questions and answers
• Helpful for identifying knowledge gaps
• Covers high-yield concepts
• Supports structured study and final revision
1
,1. Progressive decline and deterioration of functional properties at the cellular, tissue,
and organ levels that lead to a loss of homeostasis, decreased ability to adapt to
internal or external stimuli, and increased vulnerability to disease and mortality
Aging Diagnosis
2. first in human studies very small sample sizes, focuses on pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics.
phase 0
3. safety and dose finding trials- doses escalate in study groups until adverse events
and desired treatments are seen.
phase 1
5. AFP
germ cell tumors, hepatocellular
6. CEA
colon, rectal, stomach, pancreatic, lung, breast
7. disease specific/safety trials- done in larger groups than phase I on patients with the
same type of cancer with tolerable doses found in phase I studies. Target drugs may
be combined with other existing drugs and treatment efficacy assessed
phase II
8. which drug works better trials- large RCTs with treatment and control arms.
Phase III
9. number of total cases in a population at a given point in time
prevalence
10. number of new cases that occur over a specific period of time
incidence
11. Acute and develops over hours to days -Infection, dehydration, or medications -
Experience anxiety or agitation and may be unable to follow directions
Delirium
2
,12. Gradual, develops over time, interferes with executive functioning -Risks with age,
alzheimers disease and vascular dementia are the most common
Dementia
13. Pain, functional, physiology, frailty
Physiologic changes in cancer in older adult
14. scores range from 1 (very fit) to 9 (terminally ill)
Clinical Frailty Scale
15. Calculates the number of deficits identified by the total number of deficits
considered, uses 20-70 health-related variables, such as cognition, functional status,
social support
Frailty Index
16. First line choice in older adult with liver function
Acetaminophen
17. Functional Status Comorbidities Cognitive ability nutrition Psychosocial ecaluation
Med review
Components of geriatric assessment
18. Focuses on health promotion, cancer screenings, bone dentisty, testing, dental
health, vision health
Primary prevention
19. Focuses on early diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment
Secondary prevention
20. Focuses on restoration and rehabilitation
Tertiary prevention
21. Group of 200 different diseases that have similar characteristics:
Cellular and genetic changes that leads to abnormal
proliferation. The proliferation leads to tumor formation and
invasion into the surrounding tissue and eventual death. Able to
spread to local or distant organs via the blood or lymph system.
3
,22. Cancer of the skin, tissue lining, or the covering of internal organs.
Carcinoma
23. Cancers of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or
supportive tissue
sarcoma
24. cancer of the blood, that starts in the blood forming tissue of the bone marrow
Leukemia
25. Cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system
lymphoma and myeloma
26. cancers found in the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
27. not encapsulated, abnormal structure from parent tissue (differentiation), irregular
shape, angiogenesis, invade neighboring tissue, migrate, and metastasize
Malignant tumors are defined by
28. the quality of being well meaning; kindness.
benevolence
29. justice
fairness; rightfulness
30. Beneficence
is the principle that reinforces the uncompromising professional
goal to "do good" and serve a patient's best interests. The
intention is to act in the best interests of patients while sup-
porting patient autonomy to decide what is best in each
situation.
31. is the principle that implies fulfilling one's promises and commitments in all rela-
tionships, including to oneself. Fidelity is expressed through trust building, loyalty,
fairness, truthfulness, and advocacy
Fidelity
4
,32. confidentiality
the act of holding information in confidence, not to be released
to unauthorized individuals
33. is the bioethical principle with various domains, including distributive justice,
which emphasizes the "equitable distribution of social burdens and benefits in
society"
justice
34. the avoidance of harm during the provision of healthcare services. This principle
reflects the duty of a nurse to protect patients from avoidable harm
non maleficence
35. autonomy
independence
36. aged 55-74, current or former smokers and greater than or equal to 30 pack-year
smoking history and smoking cessation <15 years; and men and women aged 50+,
current or former smokers and greater than or equal to 20 pack-year smoking history
and one additional risk factor other than secondhand smoke exposure, including
radon, occupational exposure, personal or family history of cancer, COPD, or
pulmonary fibrosis.
The NCCN recommends lung cancer screening for men and
women
37. Multiple Myeloma uses the
International Staging System
38. brain and spinal cord uses the
World Health Organization staging
39. Lymphoma uses the
Ann Arbor Staging System
40. gyne cancers use the
International Federation of Gynecology and Obsterics FIGO
41. Polyps that are histologically found to be __________ carry the highest risk of
developing into CRC.
villous adenomas
5
,42. offers protection to employees by prohibiting discrimination from receiving and
collecting benefits.
The Employee Retirement and Income Security Act (ERISA)
43. phase 0
first-in-human testing; the sample size is small, as is the dose.
-evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
44. phase 1
find a safe dose and route and to assess the effects of the drug
on the body and disease
-15-30 participants
-determining safety and dosage
45. phase 2
accrues a larger number of participants and continues to assess
the effects of the drug on the body and disease
<100 participants
-evaluates effectiveness
46. phase 3
compares the standard of care to the new treatment or
intervention and is administered to a larger group of
participants
100-1000 participants
-confirms effectiveness
47. phase 4
Once a drug has been approved by FDA, these trials continue
to track its safety in the general population, monitoring for
additional information about risks, benefits, and use.
-long term monitoring
48. entitles eligible employees of covered employers to take unpaid, job-protected
leave for specified family and medical reasons with continuation of group health
insurance coverage under the same terms and conditions as if the employee had not
taken leave
FMLA
49. federal civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities
in everyday activities. The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability just
6
,as other civil rights laws prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex,
national origin, age, and religion.
ADA definition
50. employer must have greater than 15 employees
ADA rules
51. GINA law Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
federal law in the United States that protects individuals from
genetic discrimination in health insurance and employment.
GINA prohibits health insurers from requesting, requiring, or
using genetic information to make decisions about a person's
insurance eligibility, coverage, or premiums.
52. Chemo drugs that are linked to the risk of infertility in females are
Busulfan. Carboplatin. Carmustine
53. Xerostomia
Dryness of the mouth caused by reduction of saliva
56. altered or damaged genes which interfere with normal cell growth and
differentation
oncogenes
57. regulate normal cell growth and division by turning on the codes for these
signaling enzymes, receptors, and transcription factors
proto-oncogenes
58. normal genes that suppress or down regulate cell growth
tumor suppressor genes
59. the ability of the body to respond to foreign substances, including microbes and
noninfectious molecules. The immune system is comprised of cells, proteins, tissues,
and other molecules that mediate the immune response
Immunity
60. network of antigen specific and antigen non specific tissue barriers, specialized
cells, and soluble factors that help the body distinguish self from non self
immune system
7
,61. coordination of cells and molecules and foreign substance to resist disease
immune response
62. innate immune system
natural, non specific
63. adaptive immune system
developed
65. all cancers are
genetic
66. all cancers are genetic, but they are not all
hereditary
67. hereditary cancer syndromes are caused by
germline variants
68. programmed cell death
apoptosis
69. lowercase p refers to
short arm of the chromosome
70. lowercase q refers to
long arm of the chromosome
71. arrangement or picture of the chromosomes, captured as they go through the
metaphase of cell division
karyotype
72. issue exists with the genetic material that is passed on from a parent
inherited
73. issue exists within the genetic material itself
genetic
8
,74. only affects cells that originate from the damaged cell and is not inheritable -85% of
cancers -HER2/neu expression in breast cancer, philidelphia chromosome in CML
somatic variant
75. somatic definition
caused by somatic mutations, which are changes in DNA that
occur in cells after conception, but not in germ cells (sperm
and eggs).
76. the altered gene will be found in every cell of the body of the offspring -most
commonly passed from a biologic parent through egg or sperm -Eg. MSH2, p16, PTEN
germline variant
77. a genetic alteration that is present for the first time in one family member as a
result of a variant in a germ cell (egg or sperm) of one of the parents, or a variant that
arises in the fertilized egg itself during early embryogenesis
de novo variant
78. regulate cell growth
normal genes
79. accelerate cell growth and division
oncogenes
80. ABL1, RAS genes, MET, RET, TRK, C-MYC, MYB, EGFR, HER2/neu
oncogene examples
81. TP53, BRCA1, BRCA2, RB1, DCC, APC, WT1
tumor suppressor gene examples
82. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
10% of breast and ovarian cancers are attributable to germline
mutations such as BRCA1 AND BRCA2.
83. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer transmission
autosomal dominant
84. BRCA 1 chromosome
17
9
, 85. BRCA 2 chromosome
13
86. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) cancers include what?
Colon, endometrial, gastric, ovarian
(EGO-C)
87. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
Lynch Syndrome
88. In HNPCC, it is not usually associated with a large number of polyps, but those
who do, it typically occurs at a young age within what side of the colon?
RIGHT
89. HNPCC polyps develop into cancer how quickly?
1-3 years
90. HNPCC transmission
autosomal dominat
91. Characterized by hundreds of adenomatous colonic polyps and accounts for 1% of
all colorectal cancers
FAP familial adenomatous polyposis
92. Variants of FAP
Gardner Syndrome
93. Transmission of FAP
autosomal dominant
94. Hereditary melanoma pathologic variant in what tumor suppressor?
p16 gene
95. p16 gene variants are associated with herediary melanoma and what else?
pancreatic cancer
10
EXAM STUDY GUIDE
300+ Review Qs & Terms
Board-Exam Preparation
Main Features:
• Focused AOCNP board-exam review
• Board-Prep Questions and Review Terms
• Extensive collection of Review questions and answers
• Helpful for identifying knowledge gaps
• Covers high-yield concepts
• Supports structured study and final revision
1
,1. Progressive decline and deterioration of functional properties at the cellular, tissue,
and organ levels that lead to a loss of homeostasis, decreased ability to adapt to
internal or external stimuli, and increased vulnerability to disease and mortality
Aging Diagnosis
2. first in human studies very small sample sizes, focuses on pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics.
phase 0
3. safety and dose finding trials- doses escalate in study groups until adverse events
and desired treatments are seen.
phase 1
5. AFP
germ cell tumors, hepatocellular
6. CEA
colon, rectal, stomach, pancreatic, lung, breast
7. disease specific/safety trials- done in larger groups than phase I on patients with the
same type of cancer with tolerable doses found in phase I studies. Target drugs may
be combined with other existing drugs and treatment efficacy assessed
phase II
8. which drug works better trials- large RCTs with treatment and control arms.
Phase III
9. number of total cases in a population at a given point in time
prevalence
10. number of new cases that occur over a specific period of time
incidence
11. Acute and develops over hours to days -Infection, dehydration, or medications -
Experience anxiety or agitation and may be unable to follow directions
Delirium
2
,12. Gradual, develops over time, interferes with executive functioning -Risks with age,
alzheimers disease and vascular dementia are the most common
Dementia
13. Pain, functional, physiology, frailty
Physiologic changes in cancer in older adult
14. scores range from 1 (very fit) to 9 (terminally ill)
Clinical Frailty Scale
15. Calculates the number of deficits identified by the total number of deficits
considered, uses 20-70 health-related variables, such as cognition, functional status,
social support
Frailty Index
16. First line choice in older adult with liver function
Acetaminophen
17. Functional Status Comorbidities Cognitive ability nutrition Psychosocial ecaluation
Med review
Components of geriatric assessment
18. Focuses on health promotion, cancer screenings, bone dentisty, testing, dental
health, vision health
Primary prevention
19. Focuses on early diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment
Secondary prevention
20. Focuses on restoration and rehabilitation
Tertiary prevention
21. Group of 200 different diseases that have similar characteristics:
Cellular and genetic changes that leads to abnormal
proliferation. The proliferation leads to tumor formation and
invasion into the surrounding tissue and eventual death. Able to
spread to local or distant organs via the blood or lymph system.
3
,22. Cancer of the skin, tissue lining, or the covering of internal organs.
Carcinoma
23. Cancers of the bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or
supportive tissue
sarcoma
24. cancer of the blood, that starts in the blood forming tissue of the bone marrow
Leukemia
25. Cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system
lymphoma and myeloma
26. cancers found in the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
27. not encapsulated, abnormal structure from parent tissue (differentiation), irregular
shape, angiogenesis, invade neighboring tissue, migrate, and metastasize
Malignant tumors are defined by
28. the quality of being well meaning; kindness.
benevolence
29. justice
fairness; rightfulness
30. Beneficence
is the principle that reinforces the uncompromising professional
goal to "do good" and serve a patient's best interests. The
intention is to act in the best interests of patients while sup-
porting patient autonomy to decide what is best in each
situation.
31. is the principle that implies fulfilling one's promises and commitments in all rela-
tionships, including to oneself. Fidelity is expressed through trust building, loyalty,
fairness, truthfulness, and advocacy
Fidelity
4
,32. confidentiality
the act of holding information in confidence, not to be released
to unauthorized individuals
33. is the bioethical principle with various domains, including distributive justice,
which emphasizes the "equitable distribution of social burdens and benefits in
society"
justice
34. the avoidance of harm during the provision of healthcare services. This principle
reflects the duty of a nurse to protect patients from avoidable harm
non maleficence
35. autonomy
independence
36. aged 55-74, current or former smokers and greater than or equal to 30 pack-year
smoking history and smoking cessation <15 years; and men and women aged 50+,
current or former smokers and greater than or equal to 20 pack-year smoking history
and one additional risk factor other than secondhand smoke exposure, including
radon, occupational exposure, personal or family history of cancer, COPD, or
pulmonary fibrosis.
The NCCN recommends lung cancer screening for men and
women
37. Multiple Myeloma uses the
International Staging System
38. brain and spinal cord uses the
World Health Organization staging
39. Lymphoma uses the
Ann Arbor Staging System
40. gyne cancers use the
International Federation of Gynecology and Obsterics FIGO
41. Polyps that are histologically found to be __________ carry the highest risk of
developing into CRC.
villous adenomas
5
,42. offers protection to employees by prohibiting discrimination from receiving and
collecting benefits.
The Employee Retirement and Income Security Act (ERISA)
43. phase 0
first-in-human testing; the sample size is small, as is the dose.
-evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
44. phase 1
find a safe dose and route and to assess the effects of the drug
on the body and disease
-15-30 participants
-determining safety and dosage
45. phase 2
accrues a larger number of participants and continues to assess
the effects of the drug on the body and disease
<100 participants
-evaluates effectiveness
46. phase 3
compares the standard of care to the new treatment or
intervention and is administered to a larger group of
participants
100-1000 participants
-confirms effectiveness
47. phase 4
Once a drug has been approved by FDA, these trials continue
to track its safety in the general population, monitoring for
additional information about risks, benefits, and use.
-long term monitoring
48. entitles eligible employees of covered employers to take unpaid, job-protected
leave for specified family and medical reasons with continuation of group health
insurance coverage under the same terms and conditions as if the employee had not
taken leave
FMLA
49. federal civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities
in everyday activities. The ADA prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability just
6
,as other civil rights laws prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex,
national origin, age, and religion.
ADA definition
50. employer must have greater than 15 employees
ADA rules
51. GINA law Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
federal law in the United States that protects individuals from
genetic discrimination in health insurance and employment.
GINA prohibits health insurers from requesting, requiring, or
using genetic information to make decisions about a person's
insurance eligibility, coverage, or premiums.
52. Chemo drugs that are linked to the risk of infertility in females are
Busulfan. Carboplatin. Carmustine
53. Xerostomia
Dryness of the mouth caused by reduction of saliva
56. altered or damaged genes which interfere with normal cell growth and
differentation
oncogenes
57. regulate normal cell growth and division by turning on the codes for these
signaling enzymes, receptors, and transcription factors
proto-oncogenes
58. normal genes that suppress or down regulate cell growth
tumor suppressor genes
59. the ability of the body to respond to foreign substances, including microbes and
noninfectious molecules. The immune system is comprised of cells, proteins, tissues,
and other molecules that mediate the immune response
Immunity
60. network of antigen specific and antigen non specific tissue barriers, specialized
cells, and soluble factors that help the body distinguish self from non self
immune system
7
,61. coordination of cells and molecules and foreign substance to resist disease
immune response
62. innate immune system
natural, non specific
63. adaptive immune system
developed
65. all cancers are
genetic
66. all cancers are genetic, but they are not all
hereditary
67. hereditary cancer syndromes are caused by
germline variants
68. programmed cell death
apoptosis
69. lowercase p refers to
short arm of the chromosome
70. lowercase q refers to
long arm of the chromosome
71. arrangement or picture of the chromosomes, captured as they go through the
metaphase of cell division
karyotype
72. issue exists with the genetic material that is passed on from a parent
inherited
73. issue exists within the genetic material itself
genetic
8
,74. only affects cells that originate from the damaged cell and is not inheritable -85% of
cancers -HER2/neu expression in breast cancer, philidelphia chromosome in CML
somatic variant
75. somatic definition
caused by somatic mutations, which are changes in DNA that
occur in cells after conception, but not in germ cells (sperm
and eggs).
76. the altered gene will be found in every cell of the body of the offspring -most
commonly passed from a biologic parent through egg or sperm -Eg. MSH2, p16, PTEN
germline variant
77. a genetic alteration that is present for the first time in one family member as a
result of a variant in a germ cell (egg or sperm) of one of the parents, or a variant that
arises in the fertilized egg itself during early embryogenesis
de novo variant
78. regulate cell growth
normal genes
79. accelerate cell growth and division
oncogenes
80. ABL1, RAS genes, MET, RET, TRK, C-MYC, MYB, EGFR, HER2/neu
oncogene examples
81. TP53, BRCA1, BRCA2, RB1, DCC, APC, WT1
tumor suppressor gene examples
82. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
10% of breast and ovarian cancers are attributable to germline
mutations such as BRCA1 AND BRCA2.
83. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer transmission
autosomal dominant
84. BRCA 1 chromosome
17
9
, 85. BRCA 2 chromosome
13
86. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) cancers include what?
Colon, endometrial, gastric, ovarian
(EGO-C)
87. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
Lynch Syndrome
88. In HNPCC, it is not usually associated with a large number of polyps, but those
who do, it typically occurs at a young age within what side of the colon?
RIGHT
89. HNPCC polyps develop into cancer how quickly?
1-3 years
90. HNPCC transmission
autosomal dominat
91. Characterized by hundreds of adenomatous colonic polyps and accounts for 1% of
all colorectal cancers
FAP familial adenomatous polyposis
92. Variants of FAP
Gardner Syndrome
93. Transmission of FAP
autosomal dominant
94. Hereditary melanoma pathologic variant in what tumor suppressor?
p16 gene
95. p16 gene variants are associated with herediary melanoma and what else?
pancreatic cancer
10
