Advanced Pharmacology Final Exam
Acrolein is a toxic metabolite of cyclophophamide and ifosfamide that can cause: -
ANS-hemorrhagic cystitis
(Mesna reduces the side effect)
adjunct therapy for anaphylaxis - ANS-antihistamines and steroids
adjunctive therapy in the treatment of diarrhea - ANS-diphenoxylate with atropine
Adverse effects of chronic phenytoin use - ANS-behavioral changes
GI symptoms
gingival hyperplasia
*osteomalacia*
megaloblastic anemia
hirsutism
(serious adverse reactions: stevens-johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, systemic
lupus erythmatosus, neutropenia, leukopenia, fatal hepatic necrosis)
After the first dose of warfarin, how much time is required for therapeutic effects to begin? -
ANS-5-7 days
Anticoagulant drug that acts as a vitamin K antagonist - ANS-coumadin
antilipemic agent that target triglycerides - ANS-Fibrates (e.g. gemfibrozil)
Antineoplastic drugs offers an alternative when traditional treatments fail -
ANS-immunosuppressant
autonomic agents associated stimulation of insulin production, increase glycogenolysis in the
liver, and complicate the management of DM? - ANS-alpha adrenergic agonists
midodrine
phenylephrine
clonidine
guanabenz
methyldopa
Beta blocker indicated for hypertensive emergencies - ANS-Labetalol
, central nervous system side effect of antihistamines that elderly patients should be aware of: -
ANS-sedative properties to be present the following morning if these agents are used for sleep
--> might be harmful for elderly
characteristic of mucosal membrane - ANS--Age has little effect
-handle mechanical stress
-antibacterial enzymes produced
-highly vascularized --> quick onset of action for systemic medication delivery
Clinical indication of pentoxidfylline. - ANS-*intermittent claudication*
decrease the viscosity of blood to improve its flow properties
Clotting cascade in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin - ANS-activation of factor X to
factor *Xa*
Commercially available probiotics have shown some benefits for preventing infection with
which? - ANS-C-diff
Describe the mechanism of action of pentoxifylline. - ANS-increase erythrocyte flexibility and
platelet disaggregation
Describe the most common adverse effects of ferrous sulfate - ANS-flushing and GI effects
(nausea, constipation)
Description and mechanism of action of acetylcholine - ANS--responsible for stimulating
muscarinic receptors
-primary neurotransmitter of nerve signals within the peripheral nervous system
-influence parasympathetic nerves in the sweat glands, skeletal muscle with somatic
innervation, and smooth muscle in blood vessels and other cardiac tissue
-dilate blood vessels
-increase bodily secretions
-decrease HR
description and mechanism of action of pilocarpine - ANS-1. act on muscarinic receptors
2. cause muscle to contract
3. result in pupil constriction (miosis)
4. act on ciliary muscle and cause to contract --> facilitate aqueous humor leave the eye to
decrease IOP
description and mode of action of topical anti-infective agents - ANS-therapeutic benefits with
minimal systemic absorption
Acrolein is a toxic metabolite of cyclophophamide and ifosfamide that can cause: -
ANS-hemorrhagic cystitis
(Mesna reduces the side effect)
adjunct therapy for anaphylaxis - ANS-antihistamines and steroids
adjunctive therapy in the treatment of diarrhea - ANS-diphenoxylate with atropine
Adverse effects of chronic phenytoin use - ANS-behavioral changes
GI symptoms
gingival hyperplasia
*osteomalacia*
megaloblastic anemia
hirsutism
(serious adverse reactions: stevens-johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, systemic
lupus erythmatosus, neutropenia, leukopenia, fatal hepatic necrosis)
After the first dose of warfarin, how much time is required for therapeutic effects to begin? -
ANS-5-7 days
Anticoagulant drug that acts as a vitamin K antagonist - ANS-coumadin
antilipemic agent that target triglycerides - ANS-Fibrates (e.g. gemfibrozil)
Antineoplastic drugs offers an alternative when traditional treatments fail -
ANS-immunosuppressant
autonomic agents associated stimulation of insulin production, increase glycogenolysis in the
liver, and complicate the management of DM? - ANS-alpha adrenergic agonists
midodrine
phenylephrine
clonidine
guanabenz
methyldopa
Beta blocker indicated for hypertensive emergencies - ANS-Labetalol
, central nervous system side effect of antihistamines that elderly patients should be aware of: -
ANS-sedative properties to be present the following morning if these agents are used for sleep
--> might be harmful for elderly
characteristic of mucosal membrane - ANS--Age has little effect
-handle mechanical stress
-antibacterial enzymes produced
-highly vascularized --> quick onset of action for systemic medication delivery
Clinical indication of pentoxidfylline. - ANS-*intermittent claudication*
decrease the viscosity of blood to improve its flow properties
Clotting cascade in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin - ANS-activation of factor X to
factor *Xa*
Commercially available probiotics have shown some benefits for preventing infection with
which? - ANS-C-diff
Describe the mechanism of action of pentoxifylline. - ANS-increase erythrocyte flexibility and
platelet disaggregation
Describe the most common adverse effects of ferrous sulfate - ANS-flushing and GI effects
(nausea, constipation)
Description and mechanism of action of acetylcholine - ANS--responsible for stimulating
muscarinic receptors
-primary neurotransmitter of nerve signals within the peripheral nervous system
-influence parasympathetic nerves in the sweat glands, skeletal muscle with somatic
innervation, and smooth muscle in blood vessels and other cardiac tissue
-dilate blood vessels
-increase bodily secretions
-decrease HR
description and mechanism of action of pilocarpine - ANS-1. act on muscarinic receptors
2. cause muscle to contract
3. result in pupil constriction (miosis)
4. act on ciliary muscle and cause to contract --> facilitate aqueous humor leave the eye to
decrease IOP
description and mode of action of topical anti-infective agents - ANS-therapeutic benefits with
minimal systemic absorption
