,BIOL252/BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab
Final Module Exam | Portage Learning | 2026 Edition (PDF)
1. Which organ system is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste
products throughout the body?
A) Respiratory system
B) Digestive system
C) Cardiovascular system
D) Nervous system
Correct Answer: Cardiovascular system
Rationale: The cardiovascular system, consisting of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, is the primary
transport system of the body. The respiratory system exchanges gases, the digestive system processes
nutrients, and the nervous system transmits electrical signals, but none perform the primary transport
function.
2. The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine is the:
A) Alveolus
B) Nephron
C) Neuron
D) Villus
Correct Answer: Nephron
Rationale: The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood
and forming urine. Alveoli are for gas exchange, neurons transmit impulses, and villi absorb nutrients.
3. Which hormone increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
,C) Thyroxine
D) Aldosterone
Correct Answer: Glucagon
Rationale: Glucagon, produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas, raises blood glucose by stimulating
glycogenolysis in the liver. Insulin lowers blood glucose, thyroxine regulates metabolism, and
aldosterone regulates sodium balance.
4. The primary role of the lymphatic system is to:
A) Pump blood through the body
B) Maintain fluid balance and support immunity
C) Produce digestive enzymes
D) Control skeletal movement
Correct Answer: Maintain fluid balance and support immunity
Rationale: The lymphatic system returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream and plays a crucial role in
immune defense. It does not pump blood, digest food, or control movement.
5. Which type of immunity develops after exposure to a pathogen?
A) Innate immunity
B) Passive immunity
C) Adaptive immunity
D) Mechanical immunity
Correct Answer: Adaptive immunity
, Rationale: Adaptive (specific) immunity develops after exposure to a pathogen, creating a targeted
response and immunological memory. Innate immunity is present from birth, and passive immunity is
acquired from external sources.
6. The correct sequence of urine drainage structures from the kidney to the bladder is:
A) Renal pelvis → major calyx → minor calyx → ureter → bladder
B) Minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder
C) Major calyx → minor calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder
D) Renal pelvis → minor calyx → major calyx → ureter → bladder
Correct Answer: Minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder
Rationale: Urine drains from the renal papillae into the minor calyces, which merge to form major
calyces. These empty into the renal pelvis, which connects to the ureter, transporting urine to the
bladder.
7. What is bile?
A) A digestive enzyme that breaks down fats
B) A mixture of water, bile salts, bile pigments, phospholipids, electrolytes, cholesterol, and triglycerides
C) A hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to contract
D) An acid that neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum
Correct Answer: A mixture of water, bile salts, bile pigments, phospholipids, electrolytes, cholesterol,
and triglycerides
Rationale: Bile is a complex mixture produced by the liver that includes water, bile salts, bile pigments,
phospholipids, electrolytes, cholesterol, and triglycerides. It is not an enzyme, hormone, or acid, though
it does help neutralize chyme.
8. What is the pH range of bile?
A) 1.5-3.5
Final Module Exam | Portage Learning | 2026 Edition (PDF)
1. Which organ system is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste
products throughout the body?
A) Respiratory system
B) Digestive system
C) Cardiovascular system
D) Nervous system
Correct Answer: Cardiovascular system
Rationale: The cardiovascular system, consisting of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, is the primary
transport system of the body. The respiratory system exchanges gases, the digestive system processes
nutrients, and the nervous system transmits electrical signals, but none perform the primary transport
function.
2. The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine is the:
A) Alveolus
B) Nephron
C) Neuron
D) Villus
Correct Answer: Nephron
Rationale: The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood
and forming urine. Alveoli are for gas exchange, neurons transmit impulses, and villi absorb nutrients.
3. Which hormone increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver?
A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
,C) Thyroxine
D) Aldosterone
Correct Answer: Glucagon
Rationale: Glucagon, produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas, raises blood glucose by stimulating
glycogenolysis in the liver. Insulin lowers blood glucose, thyroxine regulates metabolism, and
aldosterone regulates sodium balance.
4. The primary role of the lymphatic system is to:
A) Pump blood through the body
B) Maintain fluid balance and support immunity
C) Produce digestive enzymes
D) Control skeletal movement
Correct Answer: Maintain fluid balance and support immunity
Rationale: The lymphatic system returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream and plays a crucial role in
immune defense. It does not pump blood, digest food, or control movement.
5. Which type of immunity develops after exposure to a pathogen?
A) Innate immunity
B) Passive immunity
C) Adaptive immunity
D) Mechanical immunity
Correct Answer: Adaptive immunity
, Rationale: Adaptive (specific) immunity develops after exposure to a pathogen, creating a targeted
response and immunological memory. Innate immunity is present from birth, and passive immunity is
acquired from external sources.
6. The correct sequence of urine drainage structures from the kidney to the bladder is:
A) Renal pelvis → major calyx → minor calyx → ureter → bladder
B) Minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder
C) Major calyx → minor calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder
D) Renal pelvis → minor calyx → major calyx → ureter → bladder
Correct Answer: Minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder
Rationale: Urine drains from the renal papillae into the minor calyces, which merge to form major
calyces. These empty into the renal pelvis, which connects to the ureter, transporting urine to the
bladder.
7. What is bile?
A) A digestive enzyme that breaks down fats
B) A mixture of water, bile salts, bile pigments, phospholipids, electrolytes, cholesterol, and triglycerides
C) A hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to contract
D) An acid that neutralizes stomach acid in the duodenum
Correct Answer: A mixture of water, bile salts, bile pigments, phospholipids, electrolytes, cholesterol,
and triglycerides
Rationale: Bile is a complex mixture produced by the liver that includes water, bile salts, bile pigments,
phospholipids, electrolytes, cholesterol, and triglycerides. It is not an enzyme, hormone, or acid, though
it does help neutralize chyme.
8. What is the pH range of bile?
A) 1.5-3.5
