Campbell Biology Chapters 6 & 7 Study Guide
light microscope Microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses to
magnify an object
organelles A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.
electron microscope a microscope that focuses a beam of electrons to magnify objects
cell fractionation technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are
separated
ultracentrifuges a tool which carries out cell fractionation
cytosol The soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small
particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes.
prokaryotic cell A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed
organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
eukaryotic cell A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed
organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi,
and animals.
cytoplasm A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
plasma membrane A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the
cells
nuclear envelope Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in
and out of the nucleus.
nuclear lamina A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear
envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.
, Campbell Biology Chapters 6 & 7 Study Guide
chromosomes A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule
and associated proteins
chromatin Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
nucleolus The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially
assembled, located in the nucleus
endomembrane system A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either
through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
vesicles small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within
a cell
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other
materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
smooth ER Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify
drugs and poisons (liver cells).
rough ER A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm;
covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
glycoproteins A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.
transport vesicles Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another.
Golgi apparatus A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the
cell
phagocytosis A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
food vacuoles formed by phacogytosis; pinches off of the plasma membrane and encloses a
food particle
contractile vacuoles A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.
central vacuoles found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water
tonoplast A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the
cytosol from the cell sap
light microscope Microscope that uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses to
magnify an object
organelles A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.
electron microscope a microscope that focuses a beam of electrons to magnify objects
cell fractionation technique in which cells are broken into pieces and the different cell parts are
separated
ultracentrifuges a tool which carries out cell fractionation
cytosol The soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small
particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes.
prokaryotic cell A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed
organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
eukaryotic cell A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed
organelles. Examples of organisms with these cells are protists, plants, fungi,
and animals.
cytoplasm A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
plasma membrane A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the
cells
nuclear envelope Double membrane perforated with pores that control the flow of materials in
and out of the nucleus.
nuclear lamina A netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the nuclear
envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.
, Campbell Biology Chapters 6 & 7 Study Guide
chromosomes A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule
and associated proteins
chromatin Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
nucleolus The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially
assembled, located in the nucleus
endomembrane system A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either
through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
vesicles small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within
a cell
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other
materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
smooth ER Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones-help detoxify
drugs and poisons (liver cells).
rough ER A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm;
covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
glycoproteins A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.
transport vesicles Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another.
Golgi apparatus A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the
cell
phagocytosis A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
food vacuoles formed by phacogytosis; pinches off of the plasma membrane and encloses a
food particle
contractile vacuoles A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell.
central vacuoles found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water
tonoplast A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the
cytosol from the cell sap
