BIOLOGY 1201 EXAM SCRIPT 2026
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ Proton charge and location
Answer: positive, nucleus
◉ neutron charge and location
Answer: neutral, nucleus
◉ Electron charge and location
Answer: negative (-) and outside nucleus in electron cloud
◉ valence electrons
Answer: electrons in the outermost shell
◉ incomplete valence shells
Answer: atoms can share or transfer electrons with other atoms, or
make chemical bonds
,◉ Atoms valence
Answer: Bonding capacity = the number of unpaired electrons
required to complete valence shell
◉ Chemically inert
Answer: Atoms with a full valence shell, do not form bonds
◉ Covalent bond
Answer: the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
◉ Electronegativity
Answer: A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound
to attract electrons
◉ nonpolar covalent bond
Answer: Share e- equally
◉ polar covalent bond
Answer: unequal sharing of electrons
◉ The # of unpaired e- in the valence shell of an atom =
Answer: Valence or # of covalent bonds it can form
,◉ Properties of water
Answer: cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature,
expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent
◉ cohesion of water molecules
Answer: hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, helps the
transport of water against gravity in plants
◉ moderation of temperature by water
Answer: Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored
heat to cooler air
Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight
change in its own temperature
◉ Versatility as a Solvent (Water)
Answer: The property of water that allows it to dissolve polar
substancess
◉ Solute
Answer: what is being dissolved
◉ aqeuous solution
, Answer: a solution in which the solvent is waters
◉ Solution
Answer: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
◉ Solvent
Answer: A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
◉ Expansion upon freezing of water
Answer: Hydrogen bonds make ice less dense than liquid water. The
lattice structure of ice makes it less dense than the freely flowing
molecules of liquid water, enabling it to float on water
◉ Hydration Shell
Answer: the sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion
◉ High specific heat of water allows
Answer: Minimal temperature fluctuations to within limits that
permit life
◉ Heat
Answer: thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to
another
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
◉ Proton charge and location
Answer: positive, nucleus
◉ neutron charge and location
Answer: neutral, nucleus
◉ Electron charge and location
Answer: negative (-) and outside nucleus in electron cloud
◉ valence electrons
Answer: electrons in the outermost shell
◉ incomplete valence shells
Answer: atoms can share or transfer electrons with other atoms, or
make chemical bonds
,◉ Atoms valence
Answer: Bonding capacity = the number of unpaired electrons
required to complete valence shell
◉ Chemically inert
Answer: Atoms with a full valence shell, do not form bonds
◉ Covalent bond
Answer: the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
◉ Electronegativity
Answer: A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound
to attract electrons
◉ nonpolar covalent bond
Answer: Share e- equally
◉ polar covalent bond
Answer: unequal sharing of electrons
◉ The # of unpaired e- in the valence shell of an atom =
Answer: Valence or # of covalent bonds it can form
,◉ Properties of water
Answer: cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature,
expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent
◉ cohesion of water molecules
Answer: hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, helps the
transport of water against gravity in plants
◉ moderation of temperature by water
Answer: Water absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored
heat to cooler air
Water can absorb or release a large amount of heat with only a slight
change in its own temperature
◉ Versatility as a Solvent (Water)
Answer: The property of water that allows it to dissolve polar
substancess
◉ Solute
Answer: what is being dissolved
◉ aqeuous solution
, Answer: a solution in which the solvent is waters
◉ Solution
Answer: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
◉ Solvent
Answer: A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
◉ Expansion upon freezing of water
Answer: Hydrogen bonds make ice less dense than liquid water. The
lattice structure of ice makes it less dense than the freely flowing
molecules of liquid water, enabling it to float on water
◉ Hydration Shell
Answer: the sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion
◉ High specific heat of water allows
Answer: Minimal temperature fluctuations to within limits that
permit life
◉ Heat
Answer: thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to
another
