HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS CERTIFICATION EVALUATION EXAMS SET FULL QUESTIONS AND COMPLETE SOLUTION

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY FROM CELLS TO
SYSTEMS CERTIFICATION EVALUATION
EXAMS SET FULL QUESTIONS AND
COMPLETE SOLUTION

●● What does physiology emphasize?
Answer: Mechanisms (how it works).


●● How does physiology explain processes?
Answer: Using cause-and-effect sequences.


●● What is physiology derived from?
Answer: Scientific experiments.


●● What are the main steps of the scientific method?
Answer: Observation, hypothesis (testable),
experimentation/observation, data analysis, replication, theory
formation.


●● What is required for good physiological research?
Answer: Quantifiable measurements, experimental and control groups,
statistical analysis, peer review.

, ●● What are the first steps in drug development?
Answer: Study effects of chemicals on cells (in vitro) and in animals (in
vivo).


●● Why are some animals genetically modified for research?
Answer: To make them susceptible to particular diseases.


●● What are the four phases of clinical trials?
Answer: Phase I (healthy volunteers), Phase II (patients with disease),
Phase III (large diverse populations), Phase IV (other applications).


●● What are the six levels of organization in the human body?
Answer: Molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism.


●● What is the basic unit of structure and function of living things?
Answer: The cell.


●● What is a tissue?
Answer: A group of similar cells that perform a similar function.


●● What is an organ?
Answer: A group of two or more tissues organized for specific functions.