BIO 252 FINAL PAPER COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● What are the levels of organization?
Answer: chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organismal
●● What is the nervous system made of?
Answer: The Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the
peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal nerves).
●● What is the big picture of the nervous system? What does this mean?
Answer: Input - Processing - Output. Explain.
●● Most of our wiring is _____.
Answer: insulated.
●● Neuron
Answer:
●● Describe the soma, neurofibrils, Nissl bodies, dendrites, axon and
axon hillock.
,Answer: Soma- body of the neuron cell.
Neurofibrils- work with microtubules to compartmentalize rough ER
into Nissl bodies.
Nissl bodies- help identify neurons in tissue sections with mixed cell
types
Dendrites- primary site for receiving signals from other neurons
axon hillock- nerve fiber where axon originates
axon- conducs nerve signals to remote point from the soma. contains
Varicosities secrete NTs.
●● How are neurons classified?
Answer: By number of processes extending from the soma.
●● What is the difference in multipolar nerons, bipolar neurons, and
anaxonic neurons?
Answer: multipolar - one axon with multiple dendrites. Includes most
neurons of the brain and spinal cord.
bipolar- one axon and one dendrite.
Anaxonic- multiple dendrites, no axon. Communicate through dendrites
and produce no action. found in brain, retina, and adrenal medulla.
●● What is axonal transport?
Answer: two way passage of proteins, organelles, and other materials
along the axon.
,●● What is anterograde and retrograde transport?
Answer: anterograde- moves down the axon, away from the soma.
retrograde- moves up the axon, towards the soma.
●● What are 3 properties that enable communication with other cells?
Answer: 1. Excitability (response to stimuli or environmental change).
2. Conductivity ( production of electrical signals that are conducted to
other cells at distant locations).
3. Secretion (when a signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber, neuron
secretes a NT that crosses gap and enters the next cell).
●● What are sensory neurons?
Answer: (dealing with the five senses) They are a part of the PNS
(afferent). They conduct signals from receptors to the nervous system.
Detect stimuli and transmit info TOWARDs the CNS.
somatic: bones, joints, and muscles
visceral: comes from inside us like internal organs
(organized by location)
●● What are interneurons?
Answer: They lie within the CNS. They receive signals and carry out the
integrative function of the nervous system. They take info from sensory
neurons in the PNS and make decisions.
, ●● What are motor (efferent) neurons?
Answer: sends signals AWAY from the CNS to primarily muscle cells
(effector).
somatic: skeletal muscle
autonomic: things you can't control (like digestion, heartbeat, glands in
hormonal signaling) -- smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, hormones.
(organized by target cell)
●● What is the myelin sheath?
Answer: A whitish, fatty segmented sheath around most LONG (not all)
axons. They increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission. It is
formed by cells. The cell has concentric layers of membrane that make
up the myelin sheath.
●● What are neuroglia?
Answer: glia cells that protect neurons by binging them together to
provide a supportive framework for nervous tissue. Prevent neurons
from contacting each other.
●● What are the four neuroglia in the central nervous system ?
Answer: Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, and Microglia
●● Astrocytes
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
●● What are the levels of organization?
Answer: chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organismal
●● What is the nervous system made of?
Answer: The Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the
peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal nerves).
●● What is the big picture of the nervous system? What does this mean?
Answer: Input - Processing - Output. Explain.
●● Most of our wiring is _____.
Answer: insulated.
●● Neuron
Answer:
●● Describe the soma, neurofibrils, Nissl bodies, dendrites, axon and
axon hillock.
,Answer: Soma- body of the neuron cell.
Neurofibrils- work with microtubules to compartmentalize rough ER
into Nissl bodies.
Nissl bodies- help identify neurons in tissue sections with mixed cell
types
Dendrites- primary site for receiving signals from other neurons
axon hillock- nerve fiber where axon originates
axon- conducs nerve signals to remote point from the soma. contains
Varicosities secrete NTs.
●● How are neurons classified?
Answer: By number of processes extending from the soma.
●● What is the difference in multipolar nerons, bipolar neurons, and
anaxonic neurons?
Answer: multipolar - one axon with multiple dendrites. Includes most
neurons of the brain and spinal cord.
bipolar- one axon and one dendrite.
Anaxonic- multiple dendrites, no axon. Communicate through dendrites
and produce no action. found in brain, retina, and adrenal medulla.
●● What is axonal transport?
Answer: two way passage of proteins, organelles, and other materials
along the axon.
,●● What is anterograde and retrograde transport?
Answer: anterograde- moves down the axon, away from the soma.
retrograde- moves up the axon, towards the soma.
●● What are 3 properties that enable communication with other cells?
Answer: 1. Excitability (response to stimuli or environmental change).
2. Conductivity ( production of electrical signals that are conducted to
other cells at distant locations).
3. Secretion (when a signal reaches the end of a nerve fiber, neuron
secretes a NT that crosses gap and enters the next cell).
●● What are sensory neurons?
Answer: (dealing with the five senses) They are a part of the PNS
(afferent). They conduct signals from receptors to the nervous system.
Detect stimuli and transmit info TOWARDs the CNS.
somatic: bones, joints, and muscles
visceral: comes from inside us like internal organs
(organized by location)
●● What are interneurons?
Answer: They lie within the CNS. They receive signals and carry out the
integrative function of the nervous system. They take info from sensory
neurons in the PNS and make decisions.
, ●● What are motor (efferent) neurons?
Answer: sends signals AWAY from the CNS to primarily muscle cells
(effector).
somatic: skeletal muscle
autonomic: things you can't control (like digestion, heartbeat, glands in
hormonal signaling) -- smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, hormones.
(organized by target cell)
●● What is the myelin sheath?
Answer: A whitish, fatty segmented sheath around most LONG (not all)
axons. They increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission. It is
formed by cells. The cell has concentric layers of membrane that make
up the myelin sheath.
●● What are neuroglia?
Answer: glia cells that protect neurons by binging them together to
provide a supportive framework for nervous tissue. Prevent neurons
from contacting each other.
●● What are the four neuroglia in the central nervous system ?
Answer: Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal cells, and Microglia
●● Astrocytes
