ASPT STUDY GUIDE
✔✔Basal State - ✔✔The resting metabolic state of the body early in the morning after
fasting for a minimum of 12 hours.
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔Condition in which the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood is
low.
✔✔Hyperglycemia - ✔✔Condition in which level of glucose in the blood is high as in
diabetes.
✔✔Alcohol+blood - ✔✔Concentration of alcohol in a person's blood used as a
measurement of intoxication for legal or medical purposes.
✔✔Hemostasis - ✔✔A process by which the body stops the leakage of blood from the
vascular system after injury. Also known as the coagulation process.
✔✔Hematopoiesis/ Hemopoiesis - ✔✔The formation of blood cells in the living body.
The production & development of blood cells & other formed elements, normally in the
bone marrow.
✔✔Spleen - ✔✔Produce blood cells, destroy damaged blood cells, stores blood cells.
✔✔Anticoagulant - ✔✔A substance that prevents blood from clotting.
✔✔Atria - ✔✔The upper receiving chambers on each side of heart.
✔✔The Heart - ✔✔The major structure of the circulatory system. It is the " pump" that
circulates blood throughout the body.
✔✔SA node (sinoatrial node) - ✔✔The pacemaker of the heart; where the impulse
conduction of the heart usually starts located in the top of the right atrium.
✔✔AV node (Atrioventricular node) - ✔✔A small mass of tissue that passes impulses
received from the sinoatrial node to the ventricles.
✔✔Dermal subcutaneous junction - ✔✔The location of the maximum number of blood
cells. 1.6mm from skin surface.
✔✔Autoregulatory blood flow/distress - ✔✔Blood flow controlled by tissue needs.
✔✔Vena cava (superior/inferior) - ✔✔One of two large vessels that return
deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart.
, ✔✔Systemic circulation - ✔✔The vascular pathway that carries oxygenated blood from
the heart, along with nutrients, to all the cells of the body and then returns the blood to
the heart, carrying carbon dioxide and other waste product of cellular metabolism.
✔✔Pulmonary circulation - ✔✔The vascular pathway that carries blood from the heart to
the lungs, where carbon dioxide is removed, and then returns oxygenated blood to the
heart.
✔✔Lymphatic circulation - ✔✔A system of vessels, nodes and ducts that collect and
filter excess tissue fluid called lymph and return it to the venous system.
✔✔Basophils - ✔✔Normally the least numerous WBC's they release histamine and
heparin which enhance the inflammatory response; identified by their large dark blue
staining granules, which often obscure a typically s-shaped nucleus.
✔✔Lymphocytes - ✔✔Normally the second most numerous wbc's and the most
numerous agranulocytes. Two main types of lymphocytes are T lymphocytes and B
lymphocytes.
✔✔Monocytes - ✔✔Normally the largest wbc's and 1 to 7% of total wbc's, they are
mononuclear phagocytic cells and among the first lines of defense in the inflammatory
process.
✔✔Neutrophils - ✔✔Normally the most numerous wbc's in adults, averaging 65% of the
total wbc count. With granules that are fine in texture and stain lavender; also called
poly' PMNs, or segs.
✔✔Contact - ✔✔The most common means of transmitting infection.
✔✔Direct contact - ✔✔Close or intimate contact such as touching or kissing.
✔✔Indirect contact - ✔✔Touches contaminated object such as patient bed linens.
✔✔Droplet - ✔✔The transfer of an infections agent to the mucous membranes of the
mouth, nose or conjunctiva of the eyes of a susceptible individual via infectious droplets
generated by couching, sneezing, or talking or through procedures such as suctioning
or throat swab collection.
✔✔Airborne - ✔✔Involves dispersal of infectious agent that can remain ineffective for
long periods.
✔✔Malpractice - ✔✔A type of negligence committed by a professional.
✔✔Basal State - ✔✔The resting metabolic state of the body early in the morning after
fasting for a minimum of 12 hours.
✔✔Hypoglycemia - ✔✔Condition in which the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood is
low.
✔✔Hyperglycemia - ✔✔Condition in which level of glucose in the blood is high as in
diabetes.
✔✔Alcohol+blood - ✔✔Concentration of alcohol in a person's blood used as a
measurement of intoxication for legal or medical purposes.
✔✔Hemostasis - ✔✔A process by which the body stops the leakage of blood from the
vascular system after injury. Also known as the coagulation process.
✔✔Hematopoiesis/ Hemopoiesis - ✔✔The formation of blood cells in the living body.
The production & development of blood cells & other formed elements, normally in the
bone marrow.
✔✔Spleen - ✔✔Produce blood cells, destroy damaged blood cells, stores blood cells.
✔✔Anticoagulant - ✔✔A substance that prevents blood from clotting.
✔✔Atria - ✔✔The upper receiving chambers on each side of heart.
✔✔The Heart - ✔✔The major structure of the circulatory system. It is the " pump" that
circulates blood throughout the body.
✔✔SA node (sinoatrial node) - ✔✔The pacemaker of the heart; where the impulse
conduction of the heart usually starts located in the top of the right atrium.
✔✔AV node (Atrioventricular node) - ✔✔A small mass of tissue that passes impulses
received from the sinoatrial node to the ventricles.
✔✔Dermal subcutaneous junction - ✔✔The location of the maximum number of blood
cells. 1.6mm from skin surface.
✔✔Autoregulatory blood flow/distress - ✔✔Blood flow controlled by tissue needs.
✔✔Vena cava (superior/inferior) - ✔✔One of two large vessels that return
deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart.
, ✔✔Systemic circulation - ✔✔The vascular pathway that carries oxygenated blood from
the heart, along with nutrients, to all the cells of the body and then returns the blood to
the heart, carrying carbon dioxide and other waste product of cellular metabolism.
✔✔Pulmonary circulation - ✔✔The vascular pathway that carries blood from the heart to
the lungs, where carbon dioxide is removed, and then returns oxygenated blood to the
heart.
✔✔Lymphatic circulation - ✔✔A system of vessels, nodes and ducts that collect and
filter excess tissue fluid called lymph and return it to the venous system.
✔✔Basophils - ✔✔Normally the least numerous WBC's they release histamine and
heparin which enhance the inflammatory response; identified by their large dark blue
staining granules, which often obscure a typically s-shaped nucleus.
✔✔Lymphocytes - ✔✔Normally the second most numerous wbc's and the most
numerous agranulocytes. Two main types of lymphocytes are T lymphocytes and B
lymphocytes.
✔✔Monocytes - ✔✔Normally the largest wbc's and 1 to 7% of total wbc's, they are
mononuclear phagocytic cells and among the first lines of defense in the inflammatory
process.
✔✔Neutrophils - ✔✔Normally the most numerous wbc's in adults, averaging 65% of the
total wbc count. With granules that are fine in texture and stain lavender; also called
poly' PMNs, or segs.
✔✔Contact - ✔✔The most common means of transmitting infection.
✔✔Direct contact - ✔✔Close or intimate contact such as touching or kissing.
✔✔Indirect contact - ✔✔Touches contaminated object such as patient bed linens.
✔✔Droplet - ✔✔The transfer of an infections agent to the mucous membranes of the
mouth, nose or conjunctiva of the eyes of a susceptible individual via infectious droplets
generated by couching, sneezing, or talking or through procedures such as suctioning
or throat swab collection.
✔✔Airborne - ✔✔Involves dispersal of infectious agent that can remain ineffective for
long periods.
✔✔Malpractice - ✔✔A type of negligence committed by a professional.
