EDF 3210 TEST 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

EDF 3210 TEST 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 educational psychology - Answers apply psychological knowledge in order to improve the quality and outcome of the educational process -uses science to uncover information that helps teachers solve problems and teach effectively -uncovers trends in how teachers teach and how students learn -Teachers can learn from descriptive and experimental research What can Education offer Psychology - Answers The challenge of explaining learning and cognition in realistic situations What can Psychology offer Education - Answers Scientific valid methods of instruction based upon research evidence and testable theory principles - Answers describe well-known and established relationships between events Theories - Answers attempt to explain principles (explain why things happen the way that they do) Hypotheses - Answers testable ideas that are used to help us build Theories Descriptive Research - Answers -Single-Case Study (Watson's approach; lots of observation but not lots of subjects) -Survey Research (evaluations) -Correlational (doesn't mean causation) -Quasi-Experimental (close as you can get to experimental research without random assignments) Experimental Research - Answers -lab studies -randomized field trials -can be unethical if you are withholding something good from subject -error taken care of; can make causal claims (but only for specific populations) -population/sample: random; needs control group positive correlation - Answers a relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other variable also increases; graph goes from left to right "up" no correlation - Answers There is no relationship between data sets negative correlation - Answers as one variable increases, the other decreases; graph goes from top left to bottom right "down" independent variable - Answers The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied dependent variable - Answers The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable statistical signifcance - Answers statistics must have a strong enough correlation that it can't be chance internal validity - Answers ability of your design to adequately test your hypotheses external validity - Answers the degree to which your findings extend beyond the research setting and sample Generalizability - Answers Observational/Correlational (capture about the world) vs. Experimental (causal) Reliability - Answers Are your results replicable by others steps of research process - Answers 1. select and frame research question 2. choose appropriate methods 3. collect data 4. analyze data 5. draw conclusions and report findings journal article components - Answers common Layout - 6 Sections: 1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Methods (Subjects/Participants, Materials/Instruments, Procedure) 4. Analysis 5. Results 6. Discussion/Conclusions p-value - Answers -Expressed as a decimal between 0 and 1 -Probability that observed data would occur by chance -Frequently expressed as p.05, p.01 the goal of educational psychology is to: - Answers provide different theoretical lenses which learning can be examined and teaching strategies be implemented thinking about your own thinking is: - Answers metacognitive processes the belief that intelligence is something that you are born with is an example of which view: - Answers entity view a researcher noticed that as the number of snorkels sold increases, so do accidental drownings. which would be appropriate action: - Answers correlation doesn't imply causation (further define the relationship) laboratory experiments typically: - Answers use treatment or condition Canalization - Answers Refers to the extent to which a behavior or an underlying ability develops without respect to the environment (ex: memory abilities) true or false, Teachers typically have the greatest impact. on weakly canalized skills - Answers true Maturation - Answers any relatively permanent change that occurs as a result of biological aging continuous vs. stagelike development - Answers continuous= build (v); stagelike= distinct, cognitive development documented by tests (piaget) domain-general model - Answers development occurs more or less simultaneously in multiple areas domain-specific model - Answers development occurs at different rates in different areas Jean Piaget () - Answers A Swiss Psychologist credited with one of the most influential theories of cognitive development. -Stage Theory -Horizontal Decalage (ability to do some things in area of learning but not others; no 2 stairs at once) Piaget's Stage Theory of Cognitive Development - Answers -based on principle of kids wanting control of environment -equilibration vs disequilibrium (how does a child achieve control of environment?); schemes to package information -assimilate similar knowledge; accommodate new things by changing old schemes or creating new ones schemes (piaget) - Answers frameworks that develop to help organize knowledge (piaget) stages of cognitive development (piaget) - Answers sensorimotor (birth-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (adolescence-adulthood) Sensorimotor Stage (piaget) - Answers in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities; rudimentary ability to represent things mentally -object permanence -representational thought Preoperational Stage (piaget) - Answers Builds upon sensorimotor: further development in the ability to think and reason -language development -egocentricism (mountain problem) Concrete Operational Stage (piaget) - Answers Children are becoming more adult like but tend to reasoning tasks based in the concrete world -Representational Thought -conservation (ability to understand same quantity can take different shapes) -Reversible Thinking Formal Operational Thinking (piaget) - Answers Highest stage: individuals are able to reason in a fully abstract manner -abstract thought -Second-order Relations this concept refers to the extent to which a behavior or an underlying ability develops without respect to the environment: - Answers canalization which of the following describes theories that assume cognitive abilities are acquired gradually, with each new accomplishment building directly on those that came before it? - Answers continuous development theories coach daniels teaches the skill of throwing a ball first. then he teaches catching skills. finally, he teaches his little league baseball players how to hit the ball. which type of theorist does coach daniels most resemble? - Answers domain-specific piaget's term for temporary difference in performance that a child shows between different domains, within a given stage of development (or at the cusp of a new stage) - Answers horizontal decalage from vygotsky's viewpoint, which would be the best description of developmentally appropriate activities? - Answers select tasks that range from those that students can learn with the help of others to those they can learn alone Evaluating Piaget's Work - Answers issues: -limitations of stages -accuracy of ages -truth regarding the reasons behind skill limitations -question regarding how many adults actually reach Formal Operations Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development - Answers -Placed importance on the social and cultural aspects of development. -Developed three main developmental ideas: internalization, zone of proximal development, scaffolding internalization (vygotsky) - Answers taking in knowledge observed in a social context -Language is key to the internalization of complex ideas Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky) - Answers the range between a child's level of independent performance and the level of performance a child can reach with assistance -Scaffolding: an instructional method in which teachers demonstrate the process of problem solving for their students and explain the steps as they go along. ... The teacher would then 'fade' away and allow the students to work independently and only offer assistance if requested from the student Language - Answers a shared symbolic system for communication -there is a lot more to knowing language than knowing "meanings" of words to understand language, you need to understand: - Answers -Sounds -Combinations of sounds -Words -How words go into phrases and sentences -How sentences are formed and how one sentence is related to another parsing a sentence - Answers phoneme, morpheme, word, phrase, sentence Linguistic Universals - Answers 1. Arbitrariness: Arbitrary relation between meaning and sound. 2. Discreetness: Discrete (separable) units of meaning, but speech is continuous. meaning, but speech is continuous. 3. Displacement: The ability to talk about something other than in the present. Language is not elicited by the presence of a stimulus. It is voluntary. 4. Productivity: Idea that language is novel, it consists of utterances that have never been uttered or understood before. The ability to produce and understand an infinite number of novel sentences. 5. Iteration & Recursion: -Iteration: adding extra ideas to the ends of sentences. -Recursion: Embedding one idea inside of another. 6. Duality: One sound or word can have more than one meaning; e.g., the sound "one" phonology - Answers Study of production and perception of language sound Syntax - Answers The study of the structure of sentences, and of rules determining the order of words and phrases in those sentences Semantics - Answers study of the meaning of words Morpheme - Answers -phonology -The smallest language unit that carries meaning. Morphemes are conveyed by sounds called phonemes -English has 46 different phonemes. There are only 200 across all languages. Languages vary they may have as few as 20 or more than 80. Speech Production (how phonemes are produced) - Answers Voicing: A buzzing caused by the opening and closing of the vocal folds -B and P: Bilabial stop -T and D: Alveolar stops -M and N: Nasals -F and V: Labiodental fricatives