WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY D236 ALL
EXAMS PACKAGE DEAL 2026 EXAM
SCRIPT FULL SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
GRADED A+
⩥ What is cholestasis? What are the 2 types?
Answer: Significant reduction of bile secretion and flow from liver to
duodenum.
1. Intrahepatic - result of diseased hepatocytes or disease of intrahepatic
bile ducts.
2. Extrahepatic - result of a duct obstruction outside the liver (such as
gallstones or pancreatic tumor).
⩥ How can choledocholithiasis lead to acute pancreatitis?
Why would this result in damage to pancreatic cells?
Answer: Occurs when bile flow is obstructed by a gallstone in the
common bile duct.
This can lead to a backup of digestive enzymes from the pancreas that
can perform autodigestion and damage pancreatic cells.
,⩥ What is urolithiasis? What are 3 different types and part of the urinary
system do they occur?
Answer: Calculi (stones) that form in the urinary system.
Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
Ureterolithiasis (Ureter stones)
Cystolithiasis (bladder stones)
⩥ What factors might be responsible for calculi forming and what are
the possible ramifications if a stone cannot be passed in the urine?
Answer: #Factors that can lead to stone formation are urine becomes
saturated with stone-forming salts (calcium, struvite, uric acid, cystine);
cause can be chemical, metabolic, or genetic
#Stasis of urine allows for crystal formation which is commonly caused
by urinary obstruction or neurogenic bladder; as the stone is pushed
through the ureter it can cause bleeding, buildup of pressure, low urine
flow, leading to back flow of toxic urine in the kidney, which could lead
to possible damage of the nephrons and kidney failure
⩥ An ascending lower urinary tract infection (more commonly in
women or during pregnancy) often leads to which condition?
Glomerulonephritis
,Pyelonephritis
Nephrolithiasis
Acute kidney injury
Answer: Pyelonephritis
⩥ What are the body's natural defenses against lower UTIs? How are
these defenses overcome by various organisms that eventually lead to an
infection?
Answer: Natural Defenses:
#Continual free flow of urine
#Secreation of IgA (WBCs)
#Naturally high osmolarity
#Urea and organic acids which inhibit bacterial growth
A blockage due to enlarged prostate, kiney stone, or even holding your
urine can create stagnant urine which allows bacteria to grow.
**Chronic voluntary suppression of urination, sexual intercourse, UT
obstruction, catheterization, and vesicoureteral reflux (urine backing up
into the kidney) can all lead to UTIs.
, ⩥ What are the two likely pathophysiological mechanisms of acute
glomerulonephritis? What common infection usually triggers this?
Describe the bodily effects of damage to the glomeruli.
Answer: Antigen-antibody damage to the glomeruli or antibody
accidentally targets glomeruli Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
infection usually precedes by loss of protein due to damaged glomeruli
leads to edema and HTN
An immune reaction which damages the glomeruli and results in
albumin and RBC loss
**Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli in the
kidneys.
⩥ What is a TURBT procedure?
Answer: Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) allows your
surgeon to biopsy your tumor, or remove and entire small tumor from
the inside of your bladder, while leaving the bladder intact. TURBT is
essential to obtain a biopsy to confirm a cancer diagnosis and determine
the stage and grade of the cancer.
⩥ What is the most common type of bladder cancer?
EXAMS PACKAGE DEAL 2026 EXAM
SCRIPT FULL SOLUTIONS VERIFIED
GRADED A+
⩥ What is cholestasis? What are the 2 types?
Answer: Significant reduction of bile secretion and flow from liver to
duodenum.
1. Intrahepatic - result of diseased hepatocytes or disease of intrahepatic
bile ducts.
2. Extrahepatic - result of a duct obstruction outside the liver (such as
gallstones or pancreatic tumor).
⩥ How can choledocholithiasis lead to acute pancreatitis?
Why would this result in damage to pancreatic cells?
Answer: Occurs when bile flow is obstructed by a gallstone in the
common bile duct.
This can lead to a backup of digestive enzymes from the pancreas that
can perform autodigestion and damage pancreatic cells.
,⩥ What is urolithiasis? What are 3 different types and part of the urinary
system do they occur?
Answer: Calculi (stones) that form in the urinary system.
Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)
Ureterolithiasis (Ureter stones)
Cystolithiasis (bladder stones)
⩥ What factors might be responsible for calculi forming and what are
the possible ramifications if a stone cannot be passed in the urine?
Answer: #Factors that can lead to stone formation are urine becomes
saturated with stone-forming salts (calcium, struvite, uric acid, cystine);
cause can be chemical, metabolic, or genetic
#Stasis of urine allows for crystal formation which is commonly caused
by urinary obstruction or neurogenic bladder; as the stone is pushed
through the ureter it can cause bleeding, buildup of pressure, low urine
flow, leading to back flow of toxic urine in the kidney, which could lead
to possible damage of the nephrons and kidney failure
⩥ An ascending lower urinary tract infection (more commonly in
women or during pregnancy) often leads to which condition?
Glomerulonephritis
,Pyelonephritis
Nephrolithiasis
Acute kidney injury
Answer: Pyelonephritis
⩥ What are the body's natural defenses against lower UTIs? How are
these defenses overcome by various organisms that eventually lead to an
infection?
Answer: Natural Defenses:
#Continual free flow of urine
#Secreation of IgA (WBCs)
#Naturally high osmolarity
#Urea and organic acids which inhibit bacterial growth
A blockage due to enlarged prostate, kiney stone, or even holding your
urine can create stagnant urine which allows bacteria to grow.
**Chronic voluntary suppression of urination, sexual intercourse, UT
obstruction, catheterization, and vesicoureteral reflux (urine backing up
into the kidney) can all lead to UTIs.
, ⩥ What are the two likely pathophysiological mechanisms of acute
glomerulonephritis? What common infection usually triggers this?
Describe the bodily effects of damage to the glomeruli.
Answer: Antigen-antibody damage to the glomeruli or antibody
accidentally targets glomeruli Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
infection usually precedes by loss of protein due to damaged glomeruli
leads to edema and HTN
An immune reaction which damages the glomeruli and results in
albumin and RBC loss
**Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation of the glomeruli in the
kidneys.
⩥ What is a TURBT procedure?
Answer: Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) allows your
surgeon to biopsy your tumor, or remove and entire small tumor from
the inside of your bladder, while leaving the bladder intact. TURBT is
essential to obtain a biopsy to confirm a cancer diagnosis and determine
the stage and grade of the cancer.
⩥ What is the most common type of bladder cancer?
