HONORS BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Chiasmata - ✔✔X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred.
✔✔Griffith - ✔✔discovered bacterial transformation
✔✔Chargaff - ✔✔The individual responsible for discovering the base pairing rules for
DNA.
✔✔What is A equal to - ✔✔T
✔✔What is G equal to - ✔✔C
✔✔RNA bases - ✔✔A=U and G=C
✔✔Purines - ✔✔Adenine and Guanine
✔✔Pyrimidines - ✔✔Cytosine and Thymine
✔✔Watson and Crick - ✔✔Discovery of DNA
✔✔Characteristics of DNA - ✔✔double stranded, deoxyribose backbone, T as one of its
bases
✔✔Replication fork - ✔✔A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new
strands are growing.
✔✔Leading strand - ✔✔synthesized continuously from 5' to 3'
✔✔Lagging strand - ✔✔DNA synthesized away from the replication fork from 3' to 5'
, ✔✔Gyrase - ✔✔Relieves tension in an unwinding DNA strand
✔✔Helicase - ✔✔An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication
forks.
✔✔DNA Polymerase 1 - ✔✔enzyme that replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides
✔✔DNA Polymerase 3 - ✔✔In charge of synthesizing nucleotides onto the leading end
in the classic 5' to 3' direction.
✔✔RNA Primase - ✔✔An enzyme that creates an RNA primer for initiation of DNA
replication.
✔✔Ligase - ✔✔Connects Okazaki fragments
✔✔How is DNA read? - ✔✔5' to 3'
✔✔In what direction is DNA replicated in? - ✔✔Towards the Replication Fork
✔✔rRNA - ✔✔Ribosomal RNA
✔✔tRNA - ✔✔transfer RNA
✔✔mRNA - ✔✔messenger RNA
✔✔Transcription - ✔✔DNA to RNA that occurs in the nucleus
✔✔Translation - ✔✔Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
✔✔RNA Polymerase - ✔✔transcription enzyme that links RNA nucleotides together
✔✔Codon - ✔✔three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single
amino acid
✔✔Anticodon - ✔✔group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to
an mRNA codon
✔✔Transfer this to RNA: ACGTATCGCGTA - ✔✔UGCAUAGCGCAU
✔✔Point mutation - ✔✔Gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides.
✔✔Silent mutation - ✔✔A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not
change the amino acid created.
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Chiasmata - ✔✔X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred.
✔✔Griffith - ✔✔discovered bacterial transformation
✔✔Chargaff - ✔✔The individual responsible for discovering the base pairing rules for
DNA.
✔✔What is A equal to - ✔✔T
✔✔What is G equal to - ✔✔C
✔✔RNA bases - ✔✔A=U and G=C
✔✔Purines - ✔✔Adenine and Guanine
✔✔Pyrimidines - ✔✔Cytosine and Thymine
✔✔Watson and Crick - ✔✔Discovery of DNA
✔✔Characteristics of DNA - ✔✔double stranded, deoxyribose backbone, T as one of its
bases
✔✔Replication fork - ✔✔A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new
strands are growing.
✔✔Leading strand - ✔✔synthesized continuously from 5' to 3'
✔✔Lagging strand - ✔✔DNA synthesized away from the replication fork from 3' to 5'
, ✔✔Gyrase - ✔✔Relieves tension in an unwinding DNA strand
✔✔Helicase - ✔✔An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication
forks.
✔✔DNA Polymerase 1 - ✔✔enzyme that replaces RNA primers with DNA nucleotides
✔✔DNA Polymerase 3 - ✔✔In charge of synthesizing nucleotides onto the leading end
in the classic 5' to 3' direction.
✔✔RNA Primase - ✔✔An enzyme that creates an RNA primer for initiation of DNA
replication.
✔✔Ligase - ✔✔Connects Okazaki fragments
✔✔How is DNA read? - ✔✔5' to 3'
✔✔In what direction is DNA replicated in? - ✔✔Towards the Replication Fork
✔✔rRNA - ✔✔Ribosomal RNA
✔✔tRNA - ✔✔transfer RNA
✔✔mRNA - ✔✔messenger RNA
✔✔Transcription - ✔✔DNA to RNA that occurs in the nucleus
✔✔Translation - ✔✔Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
✔✔RNA Polymerase - ✔✔transcription enzyme that links RNA nucleotides together
✔✔Codon - ✔✔three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single
amino acid
✔✔Anticodon - ✔✔group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to
an mRNA codon
✔✔Transfer this to RNA: ACGTATCGCGTA - ✔✔UGCAUAGCGCAU
✔✔Point mutation - ✔✔Gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides.
✔✔Silent mutation - ✔✔A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not
change the amino acid created.
