Exam 2: NUR209/ NUR 209 (Newest
2026/2027) Medical Surgical Nursing II,
Practice Questions and Verified Answers
100% Correct, Graded A+ (Fortis)
1. What is nephrotic syndrome?
a) An inflammatory response in the glomerulus leading to damage to the glomerular membrane
b) An autoimmune disorder affecting the renal tubules
c) A bacterial infection of the renal pelvis
d) A malignant tumor of the kidney
Answer: a) An inflammatory response in the glomerulus leading to damage to the
glomerular membrane
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by an inflammatory response in the glomerulus
that causes damage to the glomerular membrane. This leads to massive proteinuria (>3.5 g/day),
hypoalbuminemia, and edema .
2. Which of the following is a characteristic finding in the urine of a patient with nephrotic
syndrome?
a) Dark brown urine
b) Foamy urine
c) Clear urine
d) Blood in urine
Answer: b) Foamy urine
Rationale: Foamy urine is a characteristic finding in nephrotic syndrome due to the presence of
protein in the urine (proteinuria). The protein causes the urine to appear foamy or frothy .
3. Which systemic disease can lead to nephrotic syndrome?
a) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
b) Hypertension
,c) Chronic kidney disease
d) Heart failure
Answer: a) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome can be secondary to systemic diseases such as SLE, diabetes
mellitus, and amyloidosis. The immune complexes formed in SLE can deposit in the glomerular
basement membrane, causing damage .
4. What is a recommended dietary intervention for managing nephrotic syndrome?
a) Low sodium diet
b) High sodium diet
c) High protein diet
d) No dietary restrictions
Answer: a) Low sodium diet
Rationale: A low sodium diet is recommended in nephrotic syndrome to help manage edema and
hypertension. Sodium restriction reduces fluid retention .
5. What condition occurs when the glomerulus is excessively permeable to plasma
protein?
a) Diabetes
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Bladder cancer
d) Renal cell carcinoma
Answer: b) Nephrotic syndrome
Rationale: In nephrotic syndrome, the glomerular basement membrane becomes excessively
permeable to plasma proteins, resulting in massive proteinuria. This leads to a cascade of
complications, including hypoalbuminemia and edema .
6. Which of the following is a common symptom of nephrotic syndrome?
a) Painless hematuria
b) Dysuria
c) Massive proteinuria
d) Frequency and urgency
Answer: c) Massive proteinuria
,Rationale: Massive proteinuria (excretion of >3.5 g of protein per day) is a hallmark of nephrotic
syndrome. Other symptoms include hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia .
7. Which of the following cancers is NOT associated with nephrotic syndrome?
a) Hodgkin lymphoma
b) Leukemias
c) Breast cancer
d) Melanoma
Answer: d) Melanoma
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome can be associated with Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemias, and solid
tumors such as breast and lung cancer. Melanoma is not a known cause .
8. Which of the following is a common symptom of bladder cancer?
a) Irritability with dysuria
b) Ascites
c) Peripheral edema
d) Hyperlipidemia
Answer: a) Irritability with dysuria
Rationale: Bladder cancer often presents with irritative voiding symptoms such as dysuria,
frequency, and urgency. Painless hematuria is the most common presenting symptom, but
irritative symptoms can also occur .
9. Which diagnostic test is used to visualize the urinary tract and bladder?
a) Cystoscopy
b) CT scan
c) MRI
d) Ultrasound
Answer: a) Cystoscopy
Rationale: Cystoscopy is the gold standard for visualizing the bladder and urethra. It allows for
direct visualization and biopsy of lesions .
10. Which bacteria is most commonly associated with pyelonephritis?
, a) Escherichia coli
b) Staphylococcus
c) Streptococcus
d) Clostridium
Answer: a) Escherichia coli
Rationale: E. coli is the most common pathogen causing pyelonephritis, accounting for 70-80% of
cases. Other organisms include Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterococcus .
11. A patient on Nitrofurantoin should be instructed to notify their healthcare provider
immediately if they experience:
a) Increased appetite
b) Fever, chills, or chest pain
c) Mild gastrointestinal upset
d) Brown urine
Answer: b) Fever, chills, or chest pain
Rationale: Nitrofurantoin can cause pulmonary toxicity, presenting with fever, chills, cough, chest
pain, and dyspnea. Patients should be instructed to report these symptoms immediately .
12. What is the recommended frequency for voiding to help prevent UTIs?
a) Every 3-4 hours
b) Every 5-6 hours
c) Every 1-2 hours
d) Once a day
Answer: a) Every 3-4 hours
Rationale: Voiding every 3-4 hours helps flush bacteria from the urinary tract and prevents urinary
stasis, reducing the risk of UTIs .
13. Which of the following is a sign of a urinary tract infection?
a) Dysuria
b) Increased appetite
c) Weight gain
d) Fatigue
Answer: a) Dysuria
2026/2027) Medical Surgical Nursing II,
Practice Questions and Verified Answers
100% Correct, Graded A+ (Fortis)
1. What is nephrotic syndrome?
a) An inflammatory response in the glomerulus leading to damage to the glomerular membrane
b) An autoimmune disorder affecting the renal tubules
c) A bacterial infection of the renal pelvis
d) A malignant tumor of the kidney
Answer: a) An inflammatory response in the glomerulus leading to damage to the
glomerular membrane
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by an inflammatory response in the glomerulus
that causes damage to the glomerular membrane. This leads to massive proteinuria (>3.5 g/day),
hypoalbuminemia, and edema .
2. Which of the following is a characteristic finding in the urine of a patient with nephrotic
syndrome?
a) Dark brown urine
b) Foamy urine
c) Clear urine
d) Blood in urine
Answer: b) Foamy urine
Rationale: Foamy urine is a characteristic finding in nephrotic syndrome due to the presence of
protein in the urine (proteinuria). The protein causes the urine to appear foamy or frothy .
3. Which systemic disease can lead to nephrotic syndrome?
a) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
b) Hypertension
,c) Chronic kidney disease
d) Heart failure
Answer: a) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome can be secondary to systemic diseases such as SLE, diabetes
mellitus, and amyloidosis. The immune complexes formed in SLE can deposit in the glomerular
basement membrane, causing damage .
4. What is a recommended dietary intervention for managing nephrotic syndrome?
a) Low sodium diet
b) High sodium diet
c) High protein diet
d) No dietary restrictions
Answer: a) Low sodium diet
Rationale: A low sodium diet is recommended in nephrotic syndrome to help manage edema and
hypertension. Sodium restriction reduces fluid retention .
5. What condition occurs when the glomerulus is excessively permeable to plasma
protein?
a) Diabetes
b) Nephrotic syndrome
c) Bladder cancer
d) Renal cell carcinoma
Answer: b) Nephrotic syndrome
Rationale: In nephrotic syndrome, the glomerular basement membrane becomes excessively
permeable to plasma proteins, resulting in massive proteinuria. This leads to a cascade of
complications, including hypoalbuminemia and edema .
6. Which of the following is a common symptom of nephrotic syndrome?
a) Painless hematuria
b) Dysuria
c) Massive proteinuria
d) Frequency and urgency
Answer: c) Massive proteinuria
,Rationale: Massive proteinuria (excretion of >3.5 g of protein per day) is a hallmark of nephrotic
syndrome. Other symptoms include hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia .
7. Which of the following cancers is NOT associated with nephrotic syndrome?
a) Hodgkin lymphoma
b) Leukemias
c) Breast cancer
d) Melanoma
Answer: d) Melanoma
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome can be associated with Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemias, and solid
tumors such as breast and lung cancer. Melanoma is not a known cause .
8. Which of the following is a common symptom of bladder cancer?
a) Irritability with dysuria
b) Ascites
c) Peripheral edema
d) Hyperlipidemia
Answer: a) Irritability with dysuria
Rationale: Bladder cancer often presents with irritative voiding symptoms such as dysuria,
frequency, and urgency. Painless hematuria is the most common presenting symptom, but
irritative symptoms can also occur .
9. Which diagnostic test is used to visualize the urinary tract and bladder?
a) Cystoscopy
b) CT scan
c) MRI
d) Ultrasound
Answer: a) Cystoscopy
Rationale: Cystoscopy is the gold standard for visualizing the bladder and urethra. It allows for
direct visualization and biopsy of lesions .
10. Which bacteria is most commonly associated with pyelonephritis?
, a) Escherichia coli
b) Staphylococcus
c) Streptococcus
d) Clostridium
Answer: a) Escherichia coli
Rationale: E. coli is the most common pathogen causing pyelonephritis, accounting for 70-80% of
cases. Other organisms include Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterococcus .
11. A patient on Nitrofurantoin should be instructed to notify their healthcare provider
immediately if they experience:
a) Increased appetite
b) Fever, chills, or chest pain
c) Mild gastrointestinal upset
d) Brown urine
Answer: b) Fever, chills, or chest pain
Rationale: Nitrofurantoin can cause pulmonary toxicity, presenting with fever, chills, cough, chest
pain, and dyspnea. Patients should be instructed to report these symptoms immediately .
12. What is the recommended frequency for voiding to help prevent UTIs?
a) Every 3-4 hours
b) Every 5-6 hours
c) Every 1-2 hours
d) Once a day
Answer: a) Every 3-4 hours
Rationale: Voiding every 3-4 hours helps flush bacteria from the urinary tract and prevents urinary
stasis, reducing the risk of UTIs .
13. Which of the following is a sign of a urinary tract infection?
a) Dysuria
b) Increased appetite
c) Weight gain
d) Fatigue
Answer: a) Dysuria
