NBME CBSE FORM 8 AND 6 EXAM
PREPARATION 2026 COMPLETE
EXAM QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ G1/S Checkpoint.
Answer: Controlled by Rb protein
◉ G2/M Checkpoint.
Answer: Controlled by p53 protein
◉ p53/p21.
Answer: Tumor suppressors
◉ Cyclins/CDKs.
Answer: Regulate progression of the cell cycle
◉ Rb phosphorylation.
Answer: Promotes cell cycle progression
◉ Bioavailability (F).
Answer: Fraction of drug reaching systemic circulation
,◉ Half-life (t½).
Answer: t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
◉ Volume of Distribution (Vd).
Answer: Increases for lipophilic drugs
◉ Clearance (CL).
Answer: CL = Rate of elimination / [Drug]
◉ Loading Dose (LD).
Answer: LD = Cp × Vd / F
◉ Maintenance Dose (MD).
Answer: MD = Cp × CL × τ / F
◉ Agonists.
Answer: Bind and activate receptors
◉ Antagonists.
Answer: Block receptors
◉ Competitive Antagonists.
,Answer: Cause a right shift in the dose-response curve, same maximum
effect
◉ Noncompetitive Antagonists.
Answer: Decrease maximum effect of the agonist
◉ Efficacy.
Answer: Maximum response of a drug, higher is better
◉ Potency.
Answer: Dose needed for a drug to achieve its effect, higher means
lower dose required
◉ Michaelis-Menten Curve.
Answer: Describes the rate of enzymatic reactions
◉ Km.
Answer: Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
◉ Competitive Inhibitors.
Answer: Increase Km, do not affect Vmax
◉ Noncompetitive Inhibitors.
Answer: Decrease Vmax, do not affect Km
, ◉ cAMP (Gs).
Answer: Involved in signaling pathways for β1/2, H2, D1, TSH, PTH,
ACTH, FSH, LH
◉ IP3 (Gq).
Answer: Involved in signaling pathways for α1, M1/3, H1, GnRH, TRH
◉ Tyrosine Kinase (RTK).
Answer: Signaling pathway for Insulin, IGF-1, FGF
◉ JAK-STAT Pathway.
Answer: Signaling pathway for GH, Prolactin, EPO, G-CSF
◉ CD4⁺ T Cells.
Answer: Subtypes include TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg, each with
specific functions in immune response.
◉ TH1.
Answer: Activates macrophages through IL-12 leading to IFN-γ
production.
◉ TH2.
PREPARATION 2026 COMPLETE
EXAM QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◉ G1/S Checkpoint.
Answer: Controlled by Rb protein
◉ G2/M Checkpoint.
Answer: Controlled by p53 protein
◉ p53/p21.
Answer: Tumor suppressors
◉ Cyclins/CDKs.
Answer: Regulate progression of the cell cycle
◉ Rb phosphorylation.
Answer: Promotes cell cycle progression
◉ Bioavailability (F).
Answer: Fraction of drug reaching systemic circulation
,◉ Half-life (t½).
Answer: t½ = 0.693 × Vd / CL
◉ Volume of Distribution (Vd).
Answer: Increases for lipophilic drugs
◉ Clearance (CL).
Answer: CL = Rate of elimination / [Drug]
◉ Loading Dose (LD).
Answer: LD = Cp × Vd / F
◉ Maintenance Dose (MD).
Answer: MD = Cp × CL × τ / F
◉ Agonists.
Answer: Bind and activate receptors
◉ Antagonists.
Answer: Block receptors
◉ Competitive Antagonists.
,Answer: Cause a right shift in the dose-response curve, same maximum
effect
◉ Noncompetitive Antagonists.
Answer: Decrease maximum effect of the agonist
◉ Efficacy.
Answer: Maximum response of a drug, higher is better
◉ Potency.
Answer: Dose needed for a drug to achieve its effect, higher means
lower dose required
◉ Michaelis-Menten Curve.
Answer: Describes the rate of enzymatic reactions
◉ Km.
Answer: Concentration of substrate at half of Vmax
◉ Competitive Inhibitors.
Answer: Increase Km, do not affect Vmax
◉ Noncompetitive Inhibitors.
Answer: Decrease Vmax, do not affect Km
, ◉ cAMP (Gs).
Answer: Involved in signaling pathways for β1/2, H2, D1, TSH, PTH,
ACTH, FSH, LH
◉ IP3 (Gq).
Answer: Involved in signaling pathways for α1, M1/3, H1, GnRH, TRH
◉ Tyrosine Kinase (RTK).
Answer: Signaling pathway for Insulin, IGF-1, FGF
◉ JAK-STAT Pathway.
Answer: Signaling pathway for GH, Prolactin, EPO, G-CSF
◉ CD4⁺ T Cells.
Answer: Subtypes include TH1, TH2, TH17, and Treg, each with
specific functions in immune response.
◉ TH1.
Answer: Activates macrophages through IL-12 leading to IFN-γ
production.
◉ TH2.
