NAVLE FINAL SCRIPT PAPER COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
2026
◉ A 7-year old castrated male Thoroughbred horse has a three-week
history of intermittent cough associated with eating, unilateral (left-
sided) Horner's syndrome, and intermittent bilateral, green-tinged
nasal discharge. Two days ago, the horse bled profusely from the left
nostril. Which of the following is the most likely source of the
hemorrhage?
Ethmoid hematoma
Internal carotid artery
Maxillary sinus mucosa
Maxillary vein
Nasal turbinates
Answer: Internal carotid artery
◉ A 17-year-old castrated male American Quarter Horse was
pawing and making repeated attempts to roll when the owner
entered the barn this morning. Its weight is 1103 lbs (500kg),
,temperature is 99.9*F, heart rate is 68 beats/min, and respiratory
rate is 32 breaths/ min. Physical examination shows tacky oral
mucous membranes, a capillary refill time of 2-3 secs, and a skin
tent that persists for 3-4 seconds. No intestinal borborygmi are
audible on auscultation of the abdomen. Which of the following is
the most appropriate volume of isotonic crystalloid fluid to
administer to correct dehydration?
1L, 5L, 10L, 40L, or 80L
Answer: 40L
◉ The owner of a flock of 85 sheep reports that approximately 33%
of ewes have had abortions or have delivered lambs with marked
weakness during the past three weeks. Thirty-two ewes were
purchased from a farm in a neighborhood state and were introduced
to the flock four weeks ago. The ewes appear to be healthy.
Postmortem examination of an aborted fetus shows marked
thickening of the placenta. A zoonotic organism from which of the
following genera is the most likely cause of these findings?
Campylobacter
Chlamydophila
Coxiella
Leptospira
Mycoplasma
,Answer: Coxiella
◉ An 82 lb (37kg) 8 year old neutered male German Shepherd
mixed-breed dog is being evaluated because of a two-month history
of decreased exercise tolerance. The client reports that the dog had
two episodes of "profound weakness" on walks during the past
week. The dog seems comfortable at home, but his "heart is racing
all the time." Two years ago, another veterinarian diagnosed the dog
with hypothyroidism and prescribed oral levothyroxine 0.8mg twice
daily. Dosage was reevaluated one month after initiation of
treatment and was determined appropriate. Appetite, urination, and
bowel movements are normal. BCS is 6/9. Temp is 101.2*F and heart
rate is 180 bpm. The dog is panting. PE detects a pulse deficit that
occurs three to five times each minute. No other abnormalities are
noted. Results of complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile,
and urinalysis are within normal limits. Which of the following is the
most lik
Answer: Decreased cardiac output
◉ A group of 6-10 week old lambs and their dams have crusted,
proliferative lesions on the lips. PE shows underlying crusts
consisting of raised granulation tissue. There are no lesions on the
buccal or lingual mucosa. The majority of the lambs are affected, but
only 5% of the adult sheep are affected. Affected lambs are active
and are nursing. The only adult goat on the farm has similar lesions.
The horses, cattle, and pigs on the farm are unaffected. Which of the
following is the most appropriate management?
, Addition of organic iodine to trace mineralized salt
Oral administration of griseofulvin
Parenteral administation of oxytetracycline
Parenteral administration of procaine penicillin G
Observation
Answer: Observation
◉ A 4-year-old mixed-breed dog has had diarrhea and weight loss
for the past eight weeks. The diarrhea is characterized by increased
volume of feces without mucus or blood. The dog defecates
approximately three times per day without tenesmus. Results of
complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile, trypsin-like
immunoreactivity, and urinalysis are within normal limits. Multiple
fecal examinations are negative for parasites and pathogenic
bacteria. Which of the following steps is most likely to confirm a
diagnosis?
Administration of anti-inflammatory doses of prednisone
Colonoscopy with biopsies of the colon
Initiation of a highly-digestible diet
Measurement of serum cobalamin and folate concentrations
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsies of the stomach and
duodenum
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
2026
◉ A 7-year old castrated male Thoroughbred horse has a three-week
history of intermittent cough associated with eating, unilateral (left-
sided) Horner's syndrome, and intermittent bilateral, green-tinged
nasal discharge. Two days ago, the horse bled profusely from the left
nostril. Which of the following is the most likely source of the
hemorrhage?
Ethmoid hematoma
Internal carotid artery
Maxillary sinus mucosa
Maxillary vein
Nasal turbinates
Answer: Internal carotid artery
◉ A 17-year-old castrated male American Quarter Horse was
pawing and making repeated attempts to roll when the owner
entered the barn this morning. Its weight is 1103 lbs (500kg),
,temperature is 99.9*F, heart rate is 68 beats/min, and respiratory
rate is 32 breaths/ min. Physical examination shows tacky oral
mucous membranes, a capillary refill time of 2-3 secs, and a skin
tent that persists for 3-4 seconds. No intestinal borborygmi are
audible on auscultation of the abdomen. Which of the following is
the most appropriate volume of isotonic crystalloid fluid to
administer to correct dehydration?
1L, 5L, 10L, 40L, or 80L
Answer: 40L
◉ The owner of a flock of 85 sheep reports that approximately 33%
of ewes have had abortions or have delivered lambs with marked
weakness during the past three weeks. Thirty-two ewes were
purchased from a farm in a neighborhood state and were introduced
to the flock four weeks ago. The ewes appear to be healthy.
Postmortem examination of an aborted fetus shows marked
thickening of the placenta. A zoonotic organism from which of the
following genera is the most likely cause of these findings?
Campylobacter
Chlamydophila
Coxiella
Leptospira
Mycoplasma
,Answer: Coxiella
◉ An 82 lb (37kg) 8 year old neutered male German Shepherd
mixed-breed dog is being evaluated because of a two-month history
of decreased exercise tolerance. The client reports that the dog had
two episodes of "profound weakness" on walks during the past
week. The dog seems comfortable at home, but his "heart is racing
all the time." Two years ago, another veterinarian diagnosed the dog
with hypothyroidism and prescribed oral levothyroxine 0.8mg twice
daily. Dosage was reevaluated one month after initiation of
treatment and was determined appropriate. Appetite, urination, and
bowel movements are normal. BCS is 6/9. Temp is 101.2*F and heart
rate is 180 bpm. The dog is panting. PE detects a pulse deficit that
occurs three to five times each minute. No other abnormalities are
noted. Results of complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile,
and urinalysis are within normal limits. Which of the following is the
most lik
Answer: Decreased cardiac output
◉ A group of 6-10 week old lambs and their dams have crusted,
proliferative lesions on the lips. PE shows underlying crusts
consisting of raised granulation tissue. There are no lesions on the
buccal or lingual mucosa. The majority of the lambs are affected, but
only 5% of the adult sheep are affected. Affected lambs are active
and are nursing. The only adult goat on the farm has similar lesions.
The horses, cattle, and pigs on the farm are unaffected. Which of the
following is the most appropriate management?
, Addition of organic iodine to trace mineralized salt
Oral administration of griseofulvin
Parenteral administation of oxytetracycline
Parenteral administration of procaine penicillin G
Observation
Answer: Observation
◉ A 4-year-old mixed-breed dog has had diarrhea and weight loss
for the past eight weeks. The diarrhea is characterized by increased
volume of feces without mucus or blood. The dog defecates
approximately three times per day without tenesmus. Results of
complete blood count, serum biochemistry profile, trypsin-like
immunoreactivity, and urinalysis are within normal limits. Multiple
fecal examinations are negative for parasites and pathogenic
bacteria. Which of the following steps is most likely to confirm a
diagnosis?
Administration of anti-inflammatory doses of prednisone
Colonoscopy with biopsies of the colon
Initiation of a highly-digestible diet
Measurement of serum cobalamin and folate concentrations
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsies of the stomach and
duodenum
