BIO 110 PRACTICE FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE
INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW 2026/2027
Prokaryotes - ANS ✔✔comprise two of the three domains of life
Structures on the surface of bacterial cells include all of the following EXCEPT
a. cell wall composed of cellulose
b. flagella, which propel the bacteria
c. capsules, which protect bacteria from dehydration or a host's immune system
d. fimbriae, which allow the bacteria to stick to one another or to a substrate - ANS ✔✔A - cell wall
composed of cellulose
Bacteria reproduce asexually, but they can share genetic information by all of the following EXCEPT
a. transduction via a phage (bacterial virus)
b. conjugation, in which DNA is transferred through a pilus
c. transformation, in which a cell acquires DNA from its surroundings
d. chemotaxis, in which one bacterium fuses with another - ANS ✔✔D - chemotaxis, in which one
bacterium fuses with another
Gram - negative bacteria - ANS ✔✔have a thin layer of peptidoglycan relative to gram-positive bacteria
Which is mismatched?
a. symbiosis: two organisms live in close contact with each other
b. commensalism: one organism benefits from a relationship; the other neither benefits nor is
harmed
c. mutualism: one organism benefits from a relationship; the other is harmed
d. parasitism: one organism eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host - ANS ✔✔C -
mutualism: one organism benefits from a relationship; the other is harmed
Which is true?
a. all protists are heterotrophs
b. all protists are autotrophs
c. all fungi are heterotrophs
d. all fungi are autotrophs - ANS ✔✔C - all fungi are heterotrophs
In mycorhizzae, fungal hyphae - ANS ✔✔absorb minerals from the soil for plant
Endosymbiosis involves - ANS ✔✔one organism living inside another, such as a cyanobacterium engulfed
by an early eukaryote and eventually functioning as a chloroplast
Protist - ANS ✔✔are classified into multiple kingdoms because they are so diverse
True or False? Choanoflagellates and green algae are more highly related to animals and plants,
respectively, than they are to each other. - ANS ✔✔True
, Which is FALSE?
a. Examples of human pathogens can be found among bacteria, protists, and fungi.
b. Bacteria and fungi play ecological roles as decomposers that recycle chemicals that are
important for life.
c. There are no known examples of mutualism involving bacteria, protists, or fungi.
d. The largest organism in the biosphere is thought to be a fungus.
e. Some prokaryotes are capable of photosynthesis. - ANS ✔✔C - There are no known examples of
mutualism involving bacteria, protists, or fungi.
Instead of ingesting (eating) their food, fungi absorb their nutrients from outside their bodies. Which
of the following DOES NOT aid this nutritional mode?
a. Cell walls that prevent the cells from bursting under osmotic pressure.
b. Chloroplasts that capture the energy of sunlight for the fungus.
c. Porous septa that allow the contents of fungal cells to flow from one cell to another.
d. Long, thin hyphae that have a large surface area. - ANS ✔✔C - Chloroplasts that capture the energy of
sunlight for the fungus.
Land plants are thought to have evolved from aquatic protists. All of the following represent
adaptations to a terrestrial environment EXCEPT
a. embryos dependent on the female gametophyte
b. apical meristems that elongate shoots and roots
c. cell walls made of chitin
d. spores with walls made of sporopollenin
e. a waxy covering called the cuticle - ANS ✔✔C - cell walls made of chitin
Plant life cycles involve alternation of generations in which - ANS ✔✔the sporophyte generation
alternates with the gametophyte generation
Mosses - ANS ✔✔lack vascular tissue and typically grow shorter than other land plants
Ferns - ANS ✔✔depend on water for fertilization, because the sperm swim to the eggs
Angiosperms and gymnosperms both produce - ANS ✔✔pollen
The sporophyte - ANS ✔✔is what produces flowers and cones in seeded plants
Which is FALSE?
a. A seed includes a protective coat and a food supply.
b. When a seed germinates, the seedling represents the gametophyte.
c. A seed houses the plant embryo.
d. A seed develops after fertilization.
e. Conifers are said to bear "naked" seeds. - ANS ✔✔When a seed germinates, the seedling represents
the gametophyte.
The parts of a flower include the _______, which produces pollen, and _______, which receives
pollen - ANS ✔✔anther . . . stigma
Fruits - ANS ✔✔aid in dispersal of seeds
INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW 2026/2027
Prokaryotes - ANS ✔✔comprise two of the three domains of life
Structures on the surface of bacterial cells include all of the following EXCEPT
a. cell wall composed of cellulose
b. flagella, which propel the bacteria
c. capsules, which protect bacteria from dehydration or a host's immune system
d. fimbriae, which allow the bacteria to stick to one another or to a substrate - ANS ✔✔A - cell wall
composed of cellulose
Bacteria reproduce asexually, but they can share genetic information by all of the following EXCEPT
a. transduction via a phage (bacterial virus)
b. conjugation, in which DNA is transferred through a pilus
c. transformation, in which a cell acquires DNA from its surroundings
d. chemotaxis, in which one bacterium fuses with another - ANS ✔✔D - chemotaxis, in which one
bacterium fuses with another
Gram - negative bacteria - ANS ✔✔have a thin layer of peptidoglycan relative to gram-positive bacteria
Which is mismatched?
a. symbiosis: two organisms live in close contact with each other
b. commensalism: one organism benefits from a relationship; the other neither benefits nor is
harmed
c. mutualism: one organism benefits from a relationship; the other is harmed
d. parasitism: one organism eats the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of its host - ANS ✔✔C -
mutualism: one organism benefits from a relationship; the other is harmed
Which is true?
a. all protists are heterotrophs
b. all protists are autotrophs
c. all fungi are heterotrophs
d. all fungi are autotrophs - ANS ✔✔C - all fungi are heterotrophs
In mycorhizzae, fungal hyphae - ANS ✔✔absorb minerals from the soil for plant
Endosymbiosis involves - ANS ✔✔one organism living inside another, such as a cyanobacterium engulfed
by an early eukaryote and eventually functioning as a chloroplast
Protist - ANS ✔✔are classified into multiple kingdoms because they are so diverse
True or False? Choanoflagellates and green algae are more highly related to animals and plants,
respectively, than they are to each other. - ANS ✔✔True
, Which is FALSE?
a. Examples of human pathogens can be found among bacteria, protists, and fungi.
b. Bacteria and fungi play ecological roles as decomposers that recycle chemicals that are
important for life.
c. There are no known examples of mutualism involving bacteria, protists, or fungi.
d. The largest organism in the biosphere is thought to be a fungus.
e. Some prokaryotes are capable of photosynthesis. - ANS ✔✔C - There are no known examples of
mutualism involving bacteria, protists, or fungi.
Instead of ingesting (eating) their food, fungi absorb their nutrients from outside their bodies. Which
of the following DOES NOT aid this nutritional mode?
a. Cell walls that prevent the cells from bursting under osmotic pressure.
b. Chloroplasts that capture the energy of sunlight for the fungus.
c. Porous septa that allow the contents of fungal cells to flow from one cell to another.
d. Long, thin hyphae that have a large surface area. - ANS ✔✔C - Chloroplasts that capture the energy of
sunlight for the fungus.
Land plants are thought to have evolved from aquatic protists. All of the following represent
adaptations to a terrestrial environment EXCEPT
a. embryos dependent on the female gametophyte
b. apical meristems that elongate shoots and roots
c. cell walls made of chitin
d. spores with walls made of sporopollenin
e. a waxy covering called the cuticle - ANS ✔✔C - cell walls made of chitin
Plant life cycles involve alternation of generations in which - ANS ✔✔the sporophyte generation
alternates with the gametophyte generation
Mosses - ANS ✔✔lack vascular tissue and typically grow shorter than other land plants
Ferns - ANS ✔✔depend on water for fertilization, because the sperm swim to the eggs
Angiosperms and gymnosperms both produce - ANS ✔✔pollen
The sporophyte - ANS ✔✔is what produces flowers and cones in seeded plants
Which is FALSE?
a. A seed includes a protective coat and a food supply.
b. When a seed germinates, the seedling represents the gametophyte.
c. A seed houses the plant embryo.
d. A seed develops after fertilization.
e. Conifers are said to bear "naked" seeds. - ANS ✔✔When a seed germinates, the seedling represents
the gametophyte.
The parts of a flower include the _______, which produces pollen, and _______, which receives
pollen - ANS ✔✔anther . . . stigma
Fruits - ANS ✔✔aid in dispersal of seeds
