BIO 110 EXAM 1: PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES (BACTERIA, ARCHAEA &
EUKARYA) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
Bacteria - ANS ✔✔1. prokaryote; smaller (1-5 microns)
2. no membrane-enclosed organelles or nuclear envelope
3. peptidoglycan cell wall
4. contains ribosomes and has circular chromosomes
5. susceptible to antibiotics
Archaea - ANS ✔✔1. prokaryote; smaller (1-5 microns)
2. genetic or genetic process similar to eukaryote
3. no membrane-enclosed organelles or nuclear envelope
4. cell wall with no peptidoglycan
5. contains ribosomes and has circular chromosomes
6. lives in extreme environments (extremophiles)
Eukarya - ANS ✔✔1. eukaryote; bigger (10-100 microns)
2. do have membrane-enclosed organelles and nuclear envelope
3. cell wall with no peptidoglycan
4. contains ribosomes and linear chromosomes
5. multicellular and can have multiple sets of chromosomes
Bacteria Shape: Bacillus - ANS ✔✔rod shaped
Bacteria shape: cocci - ANS ✔✔sphere-shaped
Bacteria shape: spirochetes - ANS ✔✔spiral shaped
Gram (+) - ANS ✔✔less complex wall with no membrane and lots of peptidoglycan (stains purple)
Gram (-) - ANS ✔✔more complex cell wall with outer membrane with (LPS). Has little peptidoglycan.
(stains pink)
Prokaryotes - ANS ✔✔-small, simple cell that does not contain nuclei.
-Binary fission; vertical gene transfer; can lead to quickly introduce mutations = evolution
-great model organisms
Transduction - ANS ✔✔bacteriophage serves as a carrier of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell
(inserts their DNA into bacteria's chromosomes)
Conjugation - ANS ✔✔In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily
joined.
-must have f factor
Transformation - ANS ✔✔genetic material moved between bacteria via acquisition of DNA from
surroundings
EUKARYA) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
Bacteria - ANS ✔✔1. prokaryote; smaller (1-5 microns)
2. no membrane-enclosed organelles or nuclear envelope
3. peptidoglycan cell wall
4. contains ribosomes and has circular chromosomes
5. susceptible to antibiotics
Archaea - ANS ✔✔1. prokaryote; smaller (1-5 microns)
2. genetic or genetic process similar to eukaryote
3. no membrane-enclosed organelles or nuclear envelope
4. cell wall with no peptidoglycan
5. contains ribosomes and has circular chromosomes
6. lives in extreme environments (extremophiles)
Eukarya - ANS ✔✔1. eukaryote; bigger (10-100 microns)
2. do have membrane-enclosed organelles and nuclear envelope
3. cell wall with no peptidoglycan
4. contains ribosomes and linear chromosomes
5. multicellular and can have multiple sets of chromosomes
Bacteria Shape: Bacillus - ANS ✔✔rod shaped
Bacteria shape: cocci - ANS ✔✔sphere-shaped
Bacteria shape: spirochetes - ANS ✔✔spiral shaped
Gram (+) - ANS ✔✔less complex wall with no membrane and lots of peptidoglycan (stains purple)
Gram (-) - ANS ✔✔more complex cell wall with outer membrane with (LPS). Has little peptidoglycan.
(stains pink)
Prokaryotes - ANS ✔✔-small, simple cell that does not contain nuclei.
-Binary fission; vertical gene transfer; can lead to quickly introduce mutations = evolution
-great model organisms
Transduction - ANS ✔✔bacteriophage serves as a carrier of DNA from a donor cell to a recipient cell
(inserts their DNA into bacteria's chromosomes)
Conjugation - ANS ✔✔In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily
joined.
-must have f factor
Transformation - ANS ✔✔genetic material moved between bacteria via acquisition of DNA from
surroundings
