BIO 110 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | COMPLETE
INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW 2026/2027
Ribosome - ✔✔The site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Two sub units.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔In a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
Smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔In a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. Rough ER membranes have
ribosomes that makes proteins and membrane.
Golgi body - ✔✔An organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifys products that are brought from
vesicles(often proteins) of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Lysosomes - ✔✔A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains enzymes that digest the cell's food
and wastes.
Vacuoles - ✔✔A membrane-enclosed sac in a eukaryotic cell, having diverse functions.
Chloroplasts - ✔✔An organelle found in photosynthetic material. A chloroplast absorbs sunlight and
uses it to power the synthesis of organic food molecules (sugars).
Mitochondria - ✔✔Organelles in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. It is where most of
the cell's ATP is made.
What is the function of ribosomes? - ✔✔They synthesize proteins
Why do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells depend on ribosomes? - ✔✔They are needed to create
proteins so that the cell can function.
What is the role of the rough ER? - ✔✔Ribosomes attached to the outside. The rough ER helps in the
synthesis and packaging of proteins created by Ribosomes.
What is the role of the smooth ER? - ✔✔Contains enzymes that help with the formation of lipids.
Why would a cell that secretes a lot of enzymes, like a white blood cell producing antibodies, have a lot
of rough ER? - ✔✔Rough ER is central in protein production, and an enzyme is just a type of protein.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? - ✔✔When a protein has been through the ER, it is
transported to the Golgi Apparatus (via vesicles from the ER) where proteins are processed/packaged
before the Golgi sends them where they need to go.
How does the Golgi body interact with the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane? - ✔✔A
vesicle made from the endoplasmic reticulum contains a protein One side of the Golgi then receives the
vesicle from the ER, the protein or polysaccharide is then refined/modified by the Golgi body.Then, the
modified protein/polysaccharide is put into a Golgi vesicle, where it can be carried to other organelles or
INTRODUCTORY BIOLOGY FINAL REVIEW 2026/2027
Ribosome - ✔✔The site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Two sub units.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔In a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. Smooth ER lacks ribosomes.
Smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum - ✔✔In a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm. Rough ER membranes have
ribosomes that makes proteins and membrane.
Golgi body - ✔✔An organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifys products that are brought from
vesicles(often proteins) of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Lysosomes - ✔✔A digestive organelle in eukaryotic cells; contains enzymes that digest the cell's food
and wastes.
Vacuoles - ✔✔A membrane-enclosed sac in a eukaryotic cell, having diverse functions.
Chloroplasts - ✔✔An organelle found in photosynthetic material. A chloroplast absorbs sunlight and
uses it to power the synthesis of organic food molecules (sugars).
Mitochondria - ✔✔Organelles in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. It is where most of
the cell's ATP is made.
What is the function of ribosomes? - ✔✔They synthesize proteins
Why do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells depend on ribosomes? - ✔✔They are needed to create
proteins so that the cell can function.
What is the role of the rough ER? - ✔✔Ribosomes attached to the outside. The rough ER helps in the
synthesis and packaging of proteins created by Ribosomes.
What is the role of the smooth ER? - ✔✔Contains enzymes that help with the formation of lipids.
Why would a cell that secretes a lot of enzymes, like a white blood cell producing antibodies, have a lot
of rough ER? - ✔✔Rough ER is central in protein production, and an enzyme is just a type of protein.
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? - ✔✔When a protein has been through the ER, it is
transported to the Golgi Apparatus (via vesicles from the ER) where proteins are processed/packaged
before the Golgi sends them where they need to go.
How does the Golgi body interact with the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane? - ✔✔A
vesicle made from the endoplasmic reticulum contains a protein One side of the Golgi then receives the
vesicle from the ER, the protein or polysaccharide is then refined/modified by the Golgi body.Then, the
modified protein/polysaccharide is put into a Golgi vesicle, where it can be carried to other organelles or
