BIO 2441 EXAM 1 REVIEW QUESTIONS COMPLETE
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
\.1.2.a. List both positive and negative impacts that microbes have had
on human history. - ANSWERS-Positive: Microbes help make bread,
cheeses, and alcoholic beverages
Negative: Microbes consume the stone of ancient monuments
Diseases like the bubonic plague, AIDS, and Tuberculosis
\.1.2.b. Explain why the microscope is an important tool in the field of
microbiology. - ANSWERS-The microscope allows us to see microbes,
cells, and other living material.
\.1.2.c. Identify the contributions of the following individuals:
Nightingale, Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Tyndall. -
ANSWERS-Nightingale: First to use medical statistics and realized that
more died by infectious disease than battle wounds in the Crimean war.
Hooke: The first microscopist and published micrographia. Hooke
coined the term "cells"
van Leeuwenhoek: Observed bacteria with a single lens. He observed
insects, protists, algae, and microbes between his teeth (heat kills
microbes)
,Pasteur: Revealed the biochemical basis of microbial growth. Swan neck
flasks, After boiling contents in these flasks they remained free of
microbial growth
Tyndall: Some broths will always have microbes because of heat
resistant endospores
\.1.2.d. Compare and contrast Spallanzani's, Pasteur's, and Tyndall's
experiments that tested spontaneous generation. - ANSWERS-
Spallanzani: Showed that microbes arise from preexisting microbes and
demonstrated that heat sterilization can prevent microbial growth
Pasteur: Providing oxygen does not enable spontaneous generation
Tyndall: Showed the repeated cycles of heat were necessary to
eliminate spores formed by certain kinds of bacteria
\.1.3.a. Describe what constitutes a pure culture and how to obtain one.
- ANSWERS-A pure culture is a culture grown from a single parental cell.
This can be obtained by serially diluting suspended bacteria until a
culture tube contained only a single cell
\.1.3.b. List Koch's postulates. - ANSWERS-1. The microbe found in all
cases of the disease but is absent from healthy individuals
2. The microbe is isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure
culture
, 3. When the microbe is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host (or
animal model), the host shows the same disease
4. The same strain of microbe is obtained from the newly diseased host.
When cultured, the strain shows the same characteristics as before
\.1.3.c. Assess some of the practical obstacles in applying Koch's
postulates. - ANSWERS-Asymptomatic/Silent Bacilli
Undetectable concentrations of HIV
Banned by law/unethical
\.1.3.d. Recall the contributions of various individuals to the discovery
and implementation of vaccination. - ANSWERS-Lady Mary Montagu
introduced smallpox inoculation of attenuated virus
Edward Jenner infected patients with cowpox lesions (inoculation)
Vacca means cow
\.1.3.e. Compare the roles of immunization, antiseptics, and antibiotics
in human disease treatment and prevention. - ANSWERS-Immunization:
Diliberately infecting people with attenuated strains/ inoculating them
to generate immunity
Antiseptics: Semmelweis suggested doctors wash hands with chlorine,
an antiseptic agent
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
\.1.2.a. List both positive and negative impacts that microbes have had
on human history. - ANSWERS-Positive: Microbes help make bread,
cheeses, and alcoholic beverages
Negative: Microbes consume the stone of ancient monuments
Diseases like the bubonic plague, AIDS, and Tuberculosis
\.1.2.b. Explain why the microscope is an important tool in the field of
microbiology. - ANSWERS-The microscope allows us to see microbes,
cells, and other living material.
\.1.2.c. Identify the contributions of the following individuals:
Nightingale, Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Tyndall. -
ANSWERS-Nightingale: First to use medical statistics and realized that
more died by infectious disease than battle wounds in the Crimean war.
Hooke: The first microscopist and published micrographia. Hooke
coined the term "cells"
van Leeuwenhoek: Observed bacteria with a single lens. He observed
insects, protists, algae, and microbes between his teeth (heat kills
microbes)
,Pasteur: Revealed the biochemical basis of microbial growth. Swan neck
flasks, After boiling contents in these flasks they remained free of
microbial growth
Tyndall: Some broths will always have microbes because of heat
resistant endospores
\.1.2.d. Compare and contrast Spallanzani's, Pasteur's, and Tyndall's
experiments that tested spontaneous generation. - ANSWERS-
Spallanzani: Showed that microbes arise from preexisting microbes and
demonstrated that heat sterilization can prevent microbial growth
Pasteur: Providing oxygen does not enable spontaneous generation
Tyndall: Showed the repeated cycles of heat were necessary to
eliminate spores formed by certain kinds of bacteria
\.1.3.a. Describe what constitutes a pure culture and how to obtain one.
- ANSWERS-A pure culture is a culture grown from a single parental cell.
This can be obtained by serially diluting suspended bacteria until a
culture tube contained only a single cell
\.1.3.b. List Koch's postulates. - ANSWERS-1. The microbe found in all
cases of the disease but is absent from healthy individuals
2. The microbe is isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure
culture
, 3. When the microbe is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host (or
animal model), the host shows the same disease
4. The same strain of microbe is obtained from the newly diseased host.
When cultured, the strain shows the same characteristics as before
\.1.3.c. Assess some of the practical obstacles in applying Koch's
postulates. - ANSWERS-Asymptomatic/Silent Bacilli
Undetectable concentrations of HIV
Banned by law/unethical
\.1.3.d. Recall the contributions of various individuals to the discovery
and implementation of vaccination. - ANSWERS-Lady Mary Montagu
introduced smallpox inoculation of attenuated virus
Edward Jenner infected patients with cowpox lesions (inoculation)
Vacca means cow
\.1.3.e. Compare the roles of immunization, antiseptics, and antibiotics
in human disease treatment and prevention. - ANSWERS-Immunization:
Diliberately infecting people with attenuated strains/ inoculating them
to generate immunity
Antiseptics: Semmelweis suggested doctors wash hands with chlorine,
an antiseptic agent
