PNB 2265 EXAM 2 ACTUAL UPDATED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Non-Specific (innate) Immune System Analogy Bank wall to keep robbers out
Specific (adaptive) Immune System Analogy Surveillance camera to identify specific bank robber
Role of Immune Responses Defend/protect against infection by microbes, immune surveillance, elimination of
damaged cells
Negative Aspect of Immune Allergies/hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplant reactions
Microbes Viruses, bacteria, fungi, other parasites (specific immune protects against this)
Non-Specific Defenses (Protect against foreign matter without having to specifically recognize its
identity) Physical barriers, phagocytes, immunological surveillance, interferons,
complement system, inflammatory response, fever
, Physical Barriers Prevent approach and deny access to pathogens (epithelium, secretions, duct of
sweat gland, hair, skin and mucous membranes, variety of protective chemicals,
ciliated mucosa, acidity of the skin, gastric HCl, enzymes, lysozyme of saliva
Phagocytes Remove debris and pathogens (fixed macrophage, neutrophil, free macrophage,
eosinophil, monocyte)
Immunological Surveillance Destroys abnormal cells, for example NK cells attach to abnormal cells and lyse
them
Interferons Increase resistance of cells to viral infection (slow/INTERFERE with the spread of a
disease),
-interferons are released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-
infected cells
Complement System (Series of enzymes( Attacks and breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes
-For ex, a bunch of complement attaches to the cell wall of a pathogen and then
lyses it
Inflammatory Response Multiple effects
-Blood flow increased
-Phagocytes activated
-Increased capillary permeability
-Complement activated
-Clotting reaction walls of the region
-Regional temperature increased
-Specific defenses activated
Chemical Alarms Released into ECF that Medicate Histamines, Kinins, Prostaglandins, Complement, Other Cytokines
Inflammation
Histamines Released by mast cells, promote vasodilation and increased capillary
permeability
Kinins (Ex. Bradykinin) Cleaved from kininogin protein, similar effects to histamine but
also induces CHEMOTAXIS OF LEUKS and stimulate neutrophils to RELEASE
ENZYME that then generate more kinins, INDUCE PAIN
Prostaglandins Make BV more sensitized to effects of the other inflammatory mediators and
INDUCE PAIN
Non-Specific (innate) Immune System Analogy Bank wall to keep robbers out
Specific (adaptive) Immune System Analogy Surveillance camera to identify specific bank robber
Role of Immune Responses Defend/protect against infection by microbes, immune surveillance, elimination of
damaged cells
Negative Aspect of Immune Allergies/hypersensitivity, autoimmune diseases, and organ transplant reactions
Microbes Viruses, bacteria, fungi, other parasites (specific immune protects against this)
Non-Specific Defenses (Protect against foreign matter without having to specifically recognize its
identity) Physical barriers, phagocytes, immunological surveillance, interferons,
complement system, inflammatory response, fever
, Physical Barriers Prevent approach and deny access to pathogens (epithelium, secretions, duct of
sweat gland, hair, skin and mucous membranes, variety of protective chemicals,
ciliated mucosa, acidity of the skin, gastric HCl, enzymes, lysozyme of saliva
Phagocytes Remove debris and pathogens (fixed macrophage, neutrophil, free macrophage,
eosinophil, monocyte)
Immunological Surveillance Destroys abnormal cells, for example NK cells attach to abnormal cells and lyse
them
Interferons Increase resistance of cells to viral infection (slow/INTERFERE with the spread of a
disease),
-interferons are released by activated lymphocytes, macrophages, or virus-
infected cells
Complement System (Series of enzymes( Attacks and breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes
-For ex, a bunch of complement attaches to the cell wall of a pathogen and then
lyses it
Inflammatory Response Multiple effects
-Blood flow increased
-Phagocytes activated
-Increased capillary permeability
-Complement activated
-Clotting reaction walls of the region
-Regional temperature increased
-Specific defenses activated
Chemical Alarms Released into ECF that Medicate Histamines, Kinins, Prostaglandins, Complement, Other Cytokines
Inflammation
Histamines Released by mast cells, promote vasodilation and increased capillary
permeability
Kinins (Ex. Bradykinin) Cleaved from kininogin protein, similar effects to histamine but
also induces CHEMOTAXIS OF LEUKS and stimulate neutrophils to RELEASE
ENZYME that then generate more kinins, INDUCE PAIN
Prostaglandins Make BV more sensitized to effects of the other inflammatory mediators and
INDUCE PAIN
