Test Bank For Concise Introduction to Logic 14th Edition By Patrick
Ax x x x x x x x x x x
J. Hurley
x
,Chapter 1 Test A
x x x
MULTIPLE xCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: xThe xfollowing xselections xrelate xto xdistinguishing xarguments xfrom
xnonargumentsand xidentifying xconclusions. xSelect xthe xbest xanswer xfor xeach.
1. There xappears xto xbe xa xgrowing xhappiness xgap xbetween xmen xand xwomen. xWomen xtoday xare
xworkingmore xand x relaxing xless, x while xmen x are x working x less x and x relaxing x more. xForty x years
x ago xa xtypical xwoman xspent x40 xminutes xmore xper xweek xthan xthe xtypical xman xperforming xan
xactivity xconsidered xunpleasant. xToday, xwith xmen xworking xless, xthe xgap xis x90 xminutes xand
xgrowing.
a. Argument; x conclusion: x Today x... x the x gap x is x 90 x minutes xand x growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; xconclusion: x Forty x years xago x... x an xactivity xconsidered xunpleasant.
d. Argument; x conclusion: x There x appears xto x be x ... xbetween x men x and x women.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xWomen xtoday xare xworking xmore xand
xrelaxing xless.ANS: D PTS: x 2
2. Lead xis xtoxic, xbut xdo xyou xknow xwhy? xLead xis xtoxic xmainly xbecause xit xpreferentially xreplaces xother
x metals xin xbiochemical xreactions. xIn xso xdoing xit xinterferes xwith xthe xproteins xthat xregulate xblood
xpressure(which xcan xcause xdevelopment xdelays xin xchildren xand xhigh xblood xpressure xin xadults),
xheme xproduction(which xcan xlead xto xanemia), xand xsperm xproduction. xLead xalso xdisplaces xcalcium
xin xthe xreactions xthat xtransmit xelectrical ximpulses xin xthe xbrain, xwhich xdiminishes xthe xability xto
xthink xand xrecall xinformation.
Anne x Marie xHelmstine, x"Your x Guide xto x Chemistry"
a. Argument; x conclusion: x It x interferes x with xthe xproteins x ... xand x sperm xproduction.
b. Argument; x conclusion: x Lead x is xtoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; xconclusion: x It x preferentially xreplaces x other x metals x in xbiochemical x reactions.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xLead xalso xdisplaces xcalcium x...
xrecall xinformation.ANS: C PTS: x 2
3. Aristotle xfocused xon xclarifying xthe xconcept xof xvirtue xitself. xHe xargued xthat xit xwas xvirtuous xto
xchoose xtheproper xamount xof xemotion xand/or xaction xcalled xfor xin xa xparticular xsituation xand xthat
xextremes xof xemotion xand xaction xwere xvices. xIn xall xcommunities xthere xare xsome xmen xof xpractical
xwisdom xwho x have xthe xcapacity xto xjudge xwisely. xAristotle xargued xthat xthey xhave xthe xcapacity xto
xfollow xthe x"right xrule" xwhatever xthe xsituation.
David xCooper, x Value xPluralism xand xEthical xChoice
a. Argument; x conclusion: x In x all x communities x ... x capacity xto x judge x wisely.
b. Argument; xconclusion: x Aristotle xfocused x on x clarifying xthe x concept x of x virtue x itself.
c. Argument; x conclusion: x They x have x the x capacity xto x follow x ... x the x situation.
d. Argument; x conclusion: x He xargued x that xit x was x virtuous x... x were x vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal ximmigrants xpay xlocal xsales xtaxes, xand xmany xof xthem xalso xpay xstate, xlocal, xand xfederal
xincome x taxand xSocial xSecurity xtax. xThey xalso xpurchase xitems xfrom xlocal xmerchants, xincreasing
xthe xamount xthese x merchants x pay x in x taxes. x In x addition, x they x work x for x low x salaries, x which
x increases x the x earnings xof xtheir xemployers xand xthe xamount xof xtaxes xthese xemployers xpay. xThus, xit
xis xnot xcorrect xto xsay xthat x illegal ximmigrants xcontribute xnothing xto xthe xcommunities xin xwhich xthey
xlive.
a. Argument; x conclusion: x It x is x not x correct x to xsay x... x communities x in x which xthey x live.
1
, b. Argument; x conclusion: x They x work xfor x low x salaries x ... xthese x employers x pay.
c. Argument; xconclusion: x Illegal x immigrants xpay x... xSocial x Security xtax.
d. Argument; x conclusion: x They xalso x purchase x items x ... x pay x in x taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous xstudies xhave xindicated xthat xwomen xof xcolor, xblack xwomen xin xparticular, xare xover-
x arrested, xover-indicted, xand xover-sentenced. xAfrican-American xwomen xare xseven xtimes xmore
xlikely xto xbe xarrested xfor xprostitution xthan xwomen xof xother xethnic xgroups. xBlack xwomen xhave
xreceived xsignificantlyflonger xsentences xfor xcrimes xagainst xproperty xand xserved xlonger xperiods xin
xprison. xFor xboth xmurder xanddrug xoffenses, xEuroamerican xwomen xended xup xserving xone-third xless
xtime xfor xthe xsame xoffenses xthan xblack xwomen.
Nancy xKurshan, x"Women x and x Imprisonment x in xthe x U.S."
a. Argument; x conclusion: x African-American xwomen x... xother x ethnic xgroups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; xconclusion: x For xboth x murder xand x drug x offenses x ... xblack xwomen.
d. Argument; x conclusion: xNumerous xstudies x have xindicated x... xover-sentenced.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xBlack xwomen xhave xreceived x... xlonger xperiods
in xprison.ANS:
x B PTS: x 2
6. It's x even xmore ximportant xthese xdays xthat xyour xcomputer x be xprotected xby xa xfirewall. x There xare
x criminal xelements xlurking xin xthe xshadows xof xcyberspace xwho xsend xout xprobes xto xdetect
xunprotected xPCs. xOnce xavulnerable xcomputer xis xfound, xthese xcriminals xinstall xsoftware xthat
xassists xthem xin xcommitting xidentity xtheft xand xfencing xstolen xIDs. xThey xalso xdefraud xonline
xadvertisers xby xusing x these xzombie xcomputers xtof visit xpay-per-click xads.
a. Argument; xconclusion: x There xare x criminal x elements x ... xto x detect xunprotected x PCs.
b. Argument; x conclusion: x Once x a x vulnerable xcomputer x ... xfencing xstolen xIDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; xconclusion: x They xalso x defraud x ... xto x visit x pay-per-click xads.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xIt's xeven xmore ximportant x... xprotected xby
a xfirewall.ANS: E
x PTS: x 2
7. The x earth x is x of x interest x to x astronomy x for x many x reasons. x Nearly x all x observations x must x be
x made xthrough xthe xatmosphere, xand xthe xphenomena xof xthe xupper xatmosphere xand xthe
xmagnetosphere xreflect xthe xstate xof finterplanetary xspace. xThe xearth xis xalso xthe xmost ximportant xobject
xof xcomparison xfor xplanetologists.
Hannu x Karttunen, xet xal., x Fundamental xAstronomy
a. Argument; xconclusion: x The xphenomena x ... x state x of x interplanetary xspace.
b. Argument; x conclusion: xThe x earth x is x also x ... xfor x planetologists.
c. Argument; x conclusion: xThe x earth xis x of x interest x to xastronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xNearly xall xobservations x... xthrough
the xatmosphere.ANS:
x C PTS: x 2
8. If xthe xtrade xin xtiger xproducts xis xbanned, xtiger xreserves xare xguarded xby xwell xequipped xstaff,
xcommunitiesabutting x tiger x habitat x are x given x a x stake x in x protecting x tigers, x and x the x makers x of
xtraditional xmedicines xcanbe xpersuaded xthat xtiger xparts xare xnot xneeded, xthen xtiger xpoaching xwill xbe
xhalted, xhabitat xand xlife xsustaining xprey xwill xbe xrestored, xand xthe ximmanent xextinction xof xtigers xin
xthe xwild xwill xbe xaverted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; x conclusion: x The xtrade x in x tiger x products x is x banned.
c. Argument; x conclusion: xTiger x poaching xwill xbe x halted.
d. Argument; x conclusion: x The xmakers x of xtraditional x medicines x ... x not x needed.
2
, e. Argument; xconclusion: xTiger xpoaching xwill xbe xhalted x... xwill
be xaverted.ANS:
x A PTS: x 2
9. Humans xare xbiological xorganisms. xTo xunderstand xour xbehavior xand xmental xprocesses, xwe xneed xto
xunderstand x their x biological x underpinnings, x starting x with x the x cellular x level, x the x neuron. x How
x we xfeel, xlearn, xremember, xand xthink xall xstem xfrom xneuronal xactivity. xSo, xhow xa xneuron xworks
xand xhow x neuronscommunicate x are x crucial x pieces x of x information x in x solving x the x puzzle x of
x human x behavior xand xmental xprocessing.
Richard xGriggs, x Psychology: xA xConcise xIntroduction
a. Argument; x conclusion: x To xunderstand x our x behavior x ... xthe x neuron.
b. Argument; xconclusion: x Humans xare xbiological x organisms.
c. Argument; xconclusion: x How x we xfeel x ... xneuronal xactivity.
d. Argument; xconclusion: x How x a x neuron x works x... x mental xprocessing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses xare xacellular xentities xtoo xsmall xto xbe xseen xwith xa xlight xmicroscope. xThey xare xcomposed xof
xa x nucleic xacid xand xa xfew xproteins. xViruses xreplicate xthemselves xand xdisplay xother xproperties xof
xliving xorganisms xonly xwhen xthey xhave xinvaded xliving xcells. xIndeed, xsome xviruses xcan xbe
xcrystallized xand xstored xin xa xcontainer xon xa xshelf xfor xyears, xbut xthey xretain xthe xcapacity xto xinvade
xcells xand xcause xdisease.
Jacquelyn xC. x Black, xMicrobiology: xPrinciples xand xExplorations
a. Argument; x conclusion: x They xare x composed x of xa x nucleic x acid x and xa x few x proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; xconclusion: x Viruses xare xacellular x entities x... xmicroscope.
d. Argument; x conclusion: x Indeed, x some x viruses x can xbe x crystallized x... x cause x disease.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xViruses xreplicate xthemselves x... xinvaded
living xcells.ANS:
x B PTS: x 2
11. Harnessing x the x clean, x abundant x energy x of x the x sun x and x wind x is x critical x to x solving x the
x global xwarming xproblem. xTechnological xadvances xhave xbrought xthe xcost xof xelectricity xgenerated
xby xthe x wind xdown xby82 xpercent x since x 1981. xSolar x energy xtechnology x has xmade x remarkable
x progress x as xnew xphotovoltaic xcells xhave xbeen xdeveloped xto xconvert xeven xgreater xamounts xof
xsunlight xdirectly x into xelectricity. xTodaythe xcosts xof xwind xand xsolar xpower xare xbecoming
xcompetitive xwith xdirty xcoal- xfired xplants.
Sierra xClub, x"Global x Warming xSolutions"
a. Argument; xconclusion: x Today xthe x costs xof x wind x ... x dirty xcoal-fired x plants.
b. Argument; xconclusion: x Technological x advances x... xby x82 x percent x since x 1981.
c. Argument; xconclusion: x Harnessing xthe xclean x ... xthe x global x warming xproblem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xSolar xenergy xtechnology x... xdirectly
into xelectricity.ANS:
x D x PTS: x 2
12. It x is xlikely xthat xinnocent xprisoners xin xthis xcountry xhave x been xexecuted xfor xcrimes xthey xdid xnot
x commit. xFrom x1973 xuntil x2007, x124 xdeath xrow xinmates xhave xbeen xexonerated. xIn xmany xof xthese
x cases xDNA xevidence xplayed xa xcrucial xrole. xYet, xin xthat xsame xtime xframe, xmore xthan x1000
xprisoners xwere xexecuted. xFor xmany xof xthese xprisoners xno xDNA xevidence xwas xavailable. xIf xsuch
xevidence xhad xbeen xavailable, xhowmay xmore xwould xhave xbeen xexonerated?
a. Argument; x conclusion: x In x many x of x these x cases x ... xplayed x a x crucial x role.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; x conclusion: x From x1973 x ... x have x been x exonerated.
d. Argument; xconclusion: x For x many x of x these xprisoners x ... xwas x available.
e. Argument; x conclusion: x It x is x likely xthat x innocent x prisoners x ... xthey x did x not xcommit.
3
Ax x x x x x x x x x x
J. Hurley
x
,Chapter 1 Test A
x x x
MULTIPLE xCHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: xThe xfollowing xselections xrelate xto xdistinguishing xarguments xfrom
xnonargumentsand xidentifying xconclusions. xSelect xthe xbest xanswer xfor xeach.
1. There xappears xto xbe xa xgrowing xhappiness xgap xbetween xmen xand xwomen. xWomen xtoday xare
xworkingmore xand x relaxing xless, x while xmen x are x working x less x and x relaxing x more. xForty x years
x ago xa xtypical xwoman xspent x40 xminutes xmore xper xweek xthan xthe xtypical xman xperforming xan
xactivity xconsidered xunpleasant. xToday, xwith xmen xworking xless, xthe xgap xis x90 xminutes xand
xgrowing.
a. Argument; x conclusion: x Today x... x the x gap x is x 90 x minutes xand x growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; xconclusion: x Forty x years xago x... x an xactivity xconsidered xunpleasant.
d. Argument; x conclusion: x There x appears xto x be x ... xbetween x men x and x women.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xWomen xtoday xare xworking xmore xand
xrelaxing xless.ANS: D PTS: x 2
2. Lead xis xtoxic, xbut xdo xyou xknow xwhy? xLead xis xtoxic xmainly xbecause xit xpreferentially xreplaces xother
x metals xin xbiochemical xreactions. xIn xso xdoing xit xinterferes xwith xthe xproteins xthat xregulate xblood
xpressure(which xcan xcause xdevelopment xdelays xin xchildren xand xhigh xblood xpressure xin xadults),
xheme xproduction(which xcan xlead xto xanemia), xand xsperm xproduction. xLead xalso xdisplaces xcalcium
xin xthe xreactions xthat xtransmit xelectrical ximpulses xin xthe xbrain, xwhich xdiminishes xthe xability xto
xthink xand xrecall xinformation.
Anne x Marie xHelmstine, x"Your x Guide xto x Chemistry"
a. Argument; x conclusion: x It x interferes x with xthe xproteins x ... xand x sperm xproduction.
b. Argument; x conclusion: x Lead x is xtoxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; xconclusion: x It x preferentially xreplaces x other x metals x in xbiochemical x reactions.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xLead xalso xdisplaces xcalcium x...
xrecall xinformation.ANS: C PTS: x 2
3. Aristotle xfocused xon xclarifying xthe xconcept xof xvirtue xitself. xHe xargued xthat xit xwas xvirtuous xto
xchoose xtheproper xamount xof xemotion xand/or xaction xcalled xfor xin xa xparticular xsituation xand xthat
xextremes xof xemotion xand xaction xwere xvices. xIn xall xcommunities xthere xare xsome xmen xof xpractical
xwisdom xwho x have xthe xcapacity xto xjudge xwisely. xAristotle xargued xthat xthey xhave xthe xcapacity xto
xfollow xthe x"right xrule" xwhatever xthe xsituation.
David xCooper, x Value xPluralism xand xEthical xChoice
a. Argument; x conclusion: x In x all x communities x ... x capacity xto x judge x wisely.
b. Argument; xconclusion: x Aristotle xfocused x on x clarifying xthe x concept x of x virtue x itself.
c. Argument; x conclusion: x They x have x the x capacity xto x follow x ... x the x situation.
d. Argument; x conclusion: x He xargued x that xit x was x virtuous x... x were x vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS: E PTS: 2
4. Illegal ximmigrants xpay xlocal xsales xtaxes, xand xmany xof xthem xalso xpay xstate, xlocal, xand xfederal
xincome x taxand xSocial xSecurity xtax. xThey xalso xpurchase xitems xfrom xlocal xmerchants, xincreasing
xthe xamount xthese x merchants x pay x in x taxes. x In x addition, x they x work x for x low x salaries, x which
x increases x the x earnings xof xtheir xemployers xand xthe xamount xof xtaxes xthese xemployers xpay. xThus, xit
xis xnot xcorrect xto xsay xthat x illegal ximmigrants xcontribute xnothing xto xthe xcommunities xin xwhich xthey
xlive.
a. Argument; x conclusion: x It x is x not x correct x to xsay x... x communities x in x which xthey x live.
1
, b. Argument; x conclusion: x They x work xfor x low x salaries x ... xthese x employers x pay.
c. Argument; xconclusion: x Illegal x immigrants xpay x... xSocial x Security xtax.
d. Argument; x conclusion: x They xalso x purchase x items x ... x pay x in x taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: A PTS: 2
5. Numerous xstudies xhave xindicated xthat xwomen xof xcolor, xblack xwomen xin xparticular, xare xover-
x arrested, xover-indicted, xand xover-sentenced. xAfrican-American xwomen xare xseven xtimes xmore
xlikely xto xbe xarrested xfor xprostitution xthan xwomen xof xother xethnic xgroups. xBlack xwomen xhave
xreceived xsignificantlyflonger xsentences xfor xcrimes xagainst xproperty xand xserved xlonger xperiods xin
xprison. xFor xboth xmurder xanddrug xoffenses, xEuroamerican xwomen xended xup xserving xone-third xless
xtime xfor xthe xsame xoffenses xthan xblack xwomen.
Nancy xKurshan, x"Women x and x Imprisonment x in xthe x U.S."
a. Argument; x conclusion: x African-American xwomen x... xother x ethnic xgroups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; xconclusion: x For xboth x murder xand x drug x offenses x ... xblack xwomen.
d. Argument; x conclusion: xNumerous xstudies x have xindicated x... xover-sentenced.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xBlack xwomen xhave xreceived x... xlonger xperiods
in xprison.ANS:
x B PTS: x 2
6. It's x even xmore ximportant xthese xdays xthat xyour xcomputer x be xprotected xby xa xfirewall. x There xare
x criminal xelements xlurking xin xthe xshadows xof xcyberspace xwho xsend xout xprobes xto xdetect
xunprotected xPCs. xOnce xavulnerable xcomputer xis xfound, xthese xcriminals xinstall xsoftware xthat
xassists xthem xin xcommitting xidentity xtheft xand xfencing xstolen xIDs. xThey xalso xdefraud xonline
xadvertisers xby xusing x these xzombie xcomputers xtof visit xpay-per-click xads.
a. Argument; xconclusion: x There xare x criminal x elements x ... xto x detect xunprotected x PCs.
b. Argument; x conclusion: x Once x a x vulnerable xcomputer x ... xfencing xstolen xIDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; xconclusion: x They xalso x defraud x ... xto x visit x pay-per-click xads.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xIt's xeven xmore ximportant x... xprotected xby
a xfirewall.ANS: E
x PTS: x 2
7. The x earth x is x of x interest x to x astronomy x for x many x reasons. x Nearly x all x observations x must x be
x made xthrough xthe xatmosphere, xand xthe xphenomena xof xthe xupper xatmosphere xand xthe
xmagnetosphere xreflect xthe xstate xof finterplanetary xspace. xThe xearth xis xalso xthe xmost ximportant xobject
xof xcomparison xfor xplanetologists.
Hannu x Karttunen, xet xal., x Fundamental xAstronomy
a. Argument; xconclusion: x The xphenomena x ... x state x of x interplanetary xspace.
b. Argument; x conclusion: xThe x earth x is x also x ... xfor x planetologists.
c. Argument; x conclusion: xThe x earth xis x of x interest x to xastronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xNearly xall xobservations x... xthrough
the xatmosphere.ANS:
x C PTS: x 2
8. If xthe xtrade xin xtiger xproducts xis xbanned, xtiger xreserves xare xguarded xby xwell xequipped xstaff,
xcommunitiesabutting x tiger x habitat x are x given x a x stake x in x protecting x tigers, x and x the x makers x of
xtraditional xmedicines xcanbe xpersuaded xthat xtiger xparts xare xnot xneeded, xthen xtiger xpoaching xwill xbe
xhalted, xhabitat xand xlife xsustaining xprey xwill xbe xrestored, xand xthe ximmanent xextinction xof xtigers xin
xthe xwild xwill xbe xaverted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument; x conclusion: x The xtrade x in x tiger x products x is x banned.
c. Argument; x conclusion: xTiger x poaching xwill xbe x halted.
d. Argument; x conclusion: x The xmakers x of xtraditional x medicines x ... x not x needed.
2
, e. Argument; xconclusion: xTiger xpoaching xwill xbe xhalted x... xwill
be xaverted.ANS:
x A PTS: x 2
9. Humans xare xbiological xorganisms. xTo xunderstand xour xbehavior xand xmental xprocesses, xwe xneed xto
xunderstand x their x biological x underpinnings, x starting x with x the x cellular x level, x the x neuron. x How
x we xfeel, xlearn, xremember, xand xthink xall xstem xfrom xneuronal xactivity. xSo, xhow xa xneuron xworks
xand xhow x neuronscommunicate x are x crucial x pieces x of x information x in x solving x the x puzzle x of
x human x behavior xand xmental xprocessing.
Richard xGriggs, x Psychology: xA xConcise xIntroduction
a. Argument; x conclusion: x To xunderstand x our x behavior x ... xthe x neuron.
b. Argument; xconclusion: x Humans xare xbiological x organisms.
c. Argument; xconclusion: x How x we xfeel x ... xneuronal xactivity.
d. Argument; xconclusion: x How x a x neuron x works x... x mental xprocessing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS: D PTS: 2
10. Viruses xare xacellular xentities xtoo xsmall xto xbe xseen xwith xa xlight xmicroscope. xThey xare xcomposed xof
xa x nucleic xacid xand xa xfew xproteins. xViruses xreplicate xthemselves xand xdisplay xother xproperties xof
xliving xorganisms xonly xwhen xthey xhave xinvaded xliving xcells. xIndeed, xsome xviruses xcan xbe
xcrystallized xand xstored xin xa xcontainer xon xa xshelf xfor xyears, xbut xthey xretain xthe xcapacity xto xinvade
xcells xand xcause xdisease.
Jacquelyn xC. x Black, xMicrobiology: xPrinciples xand xExplorations
a. Argument; x conclusion: x They xare x composed x of xa x nucleic x acid x and xa x few x proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; xconclusion: x Viruses xare xacellular x entities x... xmicroscope.
d. Argument; x conclusion: x Indeed, x some x viruses x can xbe x crystallized x... x cause x disease.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xViruses xreplicate xthemselves x... xinvaded
living xcells.ANS:
x B PTS: x 2
11. Harnessing x the x clean, x abundant x energy x of x the x sun x and x wind x is x critical x to x solving x the
x global xwarming xproblem. xTechnological xadvances xhave xbrought xthe xcost xof xelectricity xgenerated
xby xthe x wind xdown xby82 xpercent x since x 1981. xSolar x energy xtechnology x has xmade x remarkable
x progress x as xnew xphotovoltaic xcells xhave xbeen xdeveloped xto xconvert xeven xgreater xamounts xof
xsunlight xdirectly x into xelectricity. xTodaythe xcosts xof xwind xand xsolar xpower xare xbecoming
xcompetitive xwith xdirty xcoal- xfired xplants.
Sierra xClub, x"Global x Warming xSolutions"
a. Argument; xconclusion: x Today xthe x costs xof x wind x ... x dirty xcoal-fired x plants.
b. Argument; xconclusion: x Technological x advances x... xby x82 x percent x since x 1981.
c. Argument; xconclusion: x Harnessing xthe xclean x ... xthe x global x warming xproblem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument; xconclusion: xSolar xenergy xtechnology x... xdirectly
into xelectricity.ANS:
x D x PTS: x 2
12. It x is xlikely xthat xinnocent xprisoners xin xthis xcountry xhave x been xexecuted xfor xcrimes xthey xdid xnot
x commit. xFrom x1973 xuntil x2007, x124 xdeath xrow xinmates xhave xbeen xexonerated. xIn xmany xof xthese
x cases xDNA xevidence xplayed xa xcrucial xrole. xYet, xin xthat xsame xtime xframe, xmore xthan x1000
xprisoners xwere xexecuted. xFor xmany xof xthese xprisoners xno xDNA xevidence xwas xavailable. xIf xsuch
xevidence xhad xbeen xavailable, xhowmay xmore xwould xhave xbeen xexonerated?
a. Argument; x conclusion: x In x many x of x these x cases x ... xplayed x a x crucial x role.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; x conclusion: x From x1973 x ... x have x been x exonerated.
d. Argument; xconclusion: x For x many x of x these xprisoners x ... xwas x available.
e. Argument; x conclusion: x It x is x likely xthat x innocent x prisoners x ... xthey x did x not xcommit.
3
