Rasmussen
Pathophysiology_2026
Exam 1 Flashcards
2025-2026
Final Exam Questions with
Verified Answers | Grade A+ |
New Version
,function of mitochondria ATP production/cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell
Rough ER That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
Smooth ER That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
Homeostasis A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any
aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Hypertrophy increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive development
atrophy the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; to
waste away
Ischemia an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart
muscles.
S/S of Objective Data Any observations made by using your senses (pts. blood pressure, physical
findings, and lab values)
S/S of Subjective Data Any symptoms pt. complains of, what the pt. feels (pain)
Epinephrine Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known
as adrenaline.
Renin hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing
vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
What causes edema? -reduced concentration of plasma proteins
-increased permeability of capillary wall
-increased venous pressure
-blockage of lymph vessels
Signs and symptoms of fluid excess edema, dysnpea (trouble breathing), hyptertension (high bp), JVD, pulse increase
and bounding, weight increase
Signs and symptoms of dehydration Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue,
Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of consciousness
, S/S of hypocalcemia - muscle twitches/tetany
- hyperactive DTRs
- positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial twitching)
- positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff
inflation)
- seizures
Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
active transport Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a
concentration difference
Effect of hypertonic solution cell shrinks and can die
effect of a hypotonic solution cell swells and can burst
active immunity A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against
disease-causing antigens.
passive immunity An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them
directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk
Examples of active immunity natural infection, vaccines,
Examples of passive immunity IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, humanized monoclonal
antibody
acquired immunity Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.
examples of acquired immunity 1) having the infection 2) vaccination
innate immunity Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a
broad range of pathogens.
Examples of innate immunity skin, hair, cilia, mucus membranes, digestive enzymes, stomach acidity,
inflammatory response, fever, inflammation
Pathophysiology_2026
Exam 1 Flashcards
2025-2026
Final Exam Questions with
Verified Answers | Grade A+ |
New Version
,function of mitochondria ATP production/cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell
Rough ER That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.
Smooth ER That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.
Homeostasis A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any
aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Hypertrophy increase in muscle/tissue size, excessive development
atrophy the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; to
waste away
Ischemia an inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, especially the heart
muscles.
S/S of Objective Data Any observations made by using your senses (pts. blood pressure, physical
findings, and lab values)
S/S of Subjective Data Any symptoms pt. complains of, what the pt. feels (pain)
Epinephrine Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known
as adrenaline.
Renin hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing
vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
What causes edema? -reduced concentration of plasma proteins
-increased permeability of capillary wall
-increased venous pressure
-blockage of lymph vessels
Signs and symptoms of fluid excess edema, dysnpea (trouble breathing), hyptertension (high bp), JVD, pulse increase
and bounding, weight increase
Signs and symptoms of dehydration Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue,
Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of consciousness
, S/S of hypocalcemia - muscle twitches/tetany
- hyperactive DTRs
- positive Chvostek's sign (tapping on the facial nerve triggering facial twitching)
- positive Trousseau's sign (hand/finger spasms with sustained blood pressure cuff
inflation)
- seizures
Osmosis Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
active transport Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a
concentration difference
Effect of hypertonic solution cell shrinks and can die
effect of a hypotonic solution cell swells and can burst
active immunity A form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against
disease-causing antigens.
passive immunity An individual does not produce his or her own antibodies, but rather receives them
directly from another source, such as mother to infant through breast milk
Examples of active immunity natural infection, vaccines,
Examples of passive immunity IgA in breast milk, maternal IgG crossing placenta, antitoxin, humanized monoclonal
antibody
acquired immunity Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.
examples of acquired immunity 1) having the infection 2) vaccination
innate immunity Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a
broad range of pathogens.
Examples of innate immunity skin, hair, cilia, mucus membranes, digestive enzymes, stomach acidity,
inflammatory response, fever, inflammation
