ANCC AGPCNP Study
Set
1. Pharmacology: study of the interaction between the body and drugs
2. Pharmacokinetics: the movement of drugs trough the body (absorption, bioavailability,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion)
3. Pharmacodynamics: The study of the physiologic and biochemical ettects of drugs (what
a drug does to the body)
4. Pharmacogenomics: the study of how a person's genes attect response to
medications.
5. Area under the curve (AUC): the average amount of a drug in the blood after a dose
is given. It is a measure of the availability (bioavailability) of a drug after it is administered.
6. maximum concentration (Cmax): The peak serum concentration of a drug
7. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): the lowest concentration of an
antibiotic that will inhibit the growth of organisms (after overnight incubation).
8. Trough: the lowest concentration of a drug after a dose
9. First-pass effect: All oral drugs (except sublingual) must go through first-pass metabolism
before released and used by body.
In the liver the CYP450 system metabolizes the drug and then the active drug is released to the body to
be used.
10. What drug cannot be given orally because of extensive first-
pass effect?: -
insulin
11. Drug Excretion: Renal filtration accounts for most of drug excretion. Kidney is the
principle organ for drug elimination.
12. Age related change to pharmacokinetics: - Increase in fat-to-water
ratio
-Decrease in albumin and plasma proteins
-Decrease in liver blood flow and size
-Decrease in some CYP450 enzyme pathways (decreased drug clearance)
-Decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
13. Specific Drugs affected by Kidney Disease: - NSAIDS (reduction of renal
blood flow will damage kidneys)
-ACE inhibitors (higher risk of hyperkalemia)
-Warfarin (Higher risk of over coagulation (INR >4). Severe CKD and ESRD at risk of hemorrhagic
, ANCC AGPCNP Study
Set
complications. Need more frequent monitoring
-Lithium (increase risk of kidney injury. Monitor renal fxn closely)
-Contrast dye (IV contrast can injure kidneys)
-Potassium sparing diuretics (increased risk of hyperkalemia)
, ANCC AGPCNP Study
Set
-Oral sodium phosphate (used to cleanse bowel before colonoscopies) (May cause sudden loss of
kidney fxn (AKI) as well as blood mineral disturbances)
14. Potent CYP450 Inhibitors: - THESE DRUGS SLOW DOWN CLEARANCE ((increase
drug concentration, high risk for drug overdose or ASEs)) --high likelihood of drug-drug
interactions
-Macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin)
-Antifungals (ketoconazole, fluconazole, phenytoin)
-Cimetidine (Tagamet)
-Citalopram (Celexa)
-Protease inhibitors (saquinavir, indinavir, nelfinavir)
-Grapefruit Juice (attects CYP450 system)
15. What drugs does grapefruit interact with?: - statins
-erythromycin
-calcium channel blocker ( nifedipine, nisoldipine)
-antivirals (indinavir, saquinavir)
-amiodarone
-benzodiazepines (diazepam, triazolam)
-cisapride
-carbamazepine
-buspirone
16. What to monitor with Digoxin: - Digoxin levels
-EKG
-electrolytes (K+,Mg+,Ca2+)
17. What to monitor with Lithium?: - blood levels
-TSH (risk for hypothyroidism)
18. Drugs to monitor drug levels: - Digoxin
-Theophylline
-Carbamazepine
-Phenytoin (Dilantin)
-Lithium
19. Safety Issues with H2
antagonists Ranitidine (Zantac)
Set
1. Pharmacology: study of the interaction between the body and drugs
2. Pharmacokinetics: the movement of drugs trough the body (absorption, bioavailability,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion)
3. Pharmacodynamics: The study of the physiologic and biochemical ettects of drugs (what
a drug does to the body)
4. Pharmacogenomics: the study of how a person's genes attect response to
medications.
5. Area under the curve (AUC): the average amount of a drug in the blood after a dose
is given. It is a measure of the availability (bioavailability) of a drug after it is administered.
6. maximum concentration (Cmax): The peak serum concentration of a drug
7. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): the lowest concentration of an
antibiotic that will inhibit the growth of organisms (after overnight incubation).
8. Trough: the lowest concentration of a drug after a dose
9. First-pass effect: All oral drugs (except sublingual) must go through first-pass metabolism
before released and used by body.
In the liver the CYP450 system metabolizes the drug and then the active drug is released to the body to
be used.
10. What drug cannot be given orally because of extensive first-
pass effect?: -
insulin
11. Drug Excretion: Renal filtration accounts for most of drug excretion. Kidney is the
principle organ for drug elimination.
12. Age related change to pharmacokinetics: - Increase in fat-to-water
ratio
-Decrease in albumin and plasma proteins
-Decrease in liver blood flow and size
-Decrease in some CYP450 enzyme pathways (decreased drug clearance)
-Decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
13. Specific Drugs affected by Kidney Disease: - NSAIDS (reduction of renal
blood flow will damage kidneys)
-ACE inhibitors (higher risk of hyperkalemia)
-Warfarin (Higher risk of over coagulation (INR >4). Severe CKD and ESRD at risk of hemorrhagic
, ANCC AGPCNP Study
Set
complications. Need more frequent monitoring
-Lithium (increase risk of kidney injury. Monitor renal fxn closely)
-Contrast dye (IV contrast can injure kidneys)
-Potassium sparing diuretics (increased risk of hyperkalemia)
, ANCC AGPCNP Study
Set
-Oral sodium phosphate (used to cleanse bowel before colonoscopies) (May cause sudden loss of
kidney fxn (AKI) as well as blood mineral disturbances)
14. Potent CYP450 Inhibitors: - THESE DRUGS SLOW DOWN CLEARANCE ((increase
drug concentration, high risk for drug overdose or ASEs)) --high likelihood of drug-drug
interactions
-Macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin)
-Antifungals (ketoconazole, fluconazole, phenytoin)
-Cimetidine (Tagamet)
-Citalopram (Celexa)
-Protease inhibitors (saquinavir, indinavir, nelfinavir)
-Grapefruit Juice (attects CYP450 system)
15. What drugs does grapefruit interact with?: - statins
-erythromycin
-calcium channel blocker ( nifedipine, nisoldipine)
-antivirals (indinavir, saquinavir)
-amiodarone
-benzodiazepines (diazepam, triazolam)
-cisapride
-carbamazepine
-buspirone
16. What to monitor with Digoxin: - Digoxin levels
-EKG
-electrolytes (K+,Mg+,Ca2+)
17. What to monitor with Lithium?: - blood levels
-TSH (risk for hypothyroidism)
18. Drugs to monitor drug levels: - Digoxin
-Theophylline
-Carbamazepine
-Phenytoin (Dilantin)
-Lithium
19. Safety Issues with H2
antagonists Ranitidine (Zantac)
