CISSN STUDYGUIDE EXAM CERTIFICATION EVALUATION TESTED QUESTIONS FULL
SOLUTION GUIDE
Cissn Studyguide EXAM Practice SET 2026/2027
FULL Solution Questions and Answers Verified
Solutions Latest Update
Question:
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body
Answer:
a. Carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via an energy
dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine synthetase b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle,
brain, kidney, and stomach c. Available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation e. Suppress lipid
peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in
muscle g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of sports
nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested that
carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating from the
dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a loss of force
Question:
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose?
Answer:
A highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and absorbed by the gut more quickly
than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this claim. b. Has been shown to be
absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to remain, increase both glycogen and FFA
substrate utilization
Question:
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic precursors
Answer:
Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate pyruvate glycerol (a catabolic produce of triaglycerols) certain
amino acids (glutamine and alanine
,Question:
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes?
Answer:
moderate consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type 2
diabetes in younger and middle-aged women Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the
development of type 2 diabetes.
Question:
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage?
Answer:
a. The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate supplementation attenuated
the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle forces during recovery from exercise-induced
muscle injury. b. The current study demonstrates that whey protein in a partially hydrolysed
(pre-digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the rate of repair
processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in particular, eccentric
exercise that is commonly used in weight training.
Question:
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant fuel source
during distance running?
Answer:
Fat
Question:
How many extra kcals are required for accumulation of 1kg of body fat?
Answer:
Approximately 7000
,Question:
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and performance
Answer:
Decreased thermoregulation and performance.
Question:
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-exhaustion and
dehydration stress?
Answer:
AG supplementation provids a significant ergogenic benefit by: increasing time to exhaustion
during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and
electrolyte uptake.
Question:
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity.
Answer:
Decreased glycogen synthesis decreased performance overreaching/ overtraining.
Question:
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to exercising in the
heat?
Answer:
Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
Question:
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4 weeks?
Answer:
, a. Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end product of leucine metabolism in human tissues
such as muscle and connective tissue. According to the clinical and experimental studies, HICA can
be considered as an anti-catabolic substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA
supplementation on body composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical
performance of athletes during a training period. b. a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day
leads to small increases in muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes.
Question:
What is a Bod-Pod
Answer:
A body composition recording device that uses Air Displacement Plethysmography.
Question:
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions does one fuel
source predominate over the other
Answer:
a. Fat oxidation primarily occurs at low intensity long duration exercise b. Carbohydrates are
oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
Question:
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance?
Answer:
a. positively affect exercise performance through favorable lactate and preferential fatty acid
substrate metabolism b. increase power, force, and maintenance
Question:
Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle
Answer:
a. Increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy) b. Greater increase in type II muscle fibers c.
Shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
SOLUTION GUIDE
Cissn Studyguide EXAM Practice SET 2026/2027
FULL Solution Questions and Answers Verified
Solutions Latest Update
Question:
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body
Answer:
a. Carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via an energy
dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine synthetase b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle,
brain, kidney, and stomach c. Available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation e. Suppress lipid
peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in
muscle g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of sports
nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested that
carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating from the
dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a loss of force
Question:
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose?
Answer:
A highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and absorbed by the gut more quickly
than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this claim. b. Has been shown to be
absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to remain, increase both glycogen and FFA
substrate utilization
Question:
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic precursors
Answer:
Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate pyruvate glycerol (a catabolic produce of triaglycerols) certain
amino acids (glutamine and alanine
,Question:
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes?
Answer:
moderate consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type 2
diabetes in younger and middle-aged women Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the
development of type 2 diabetes.
Question:
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage?
Answer:
a. The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate supplementation attenuated
the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle forces during recovery from exercise-induced
muscle injury. b. The current study demonstrates that whey protein in a partially hydrolysed
(pre-digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the rate of repair
processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in particular, eccentric
exercise that is commonly used in weight training.
Question:
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant fuel source
during distance running?
Answer:
Fat
Question:
How many extra kcals are required for accumulation of 1kg of body fat?
Answer:
Approximately 7000
,Question:
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and performance
Answer:
Decreased thermoregulation and performance.
Question:
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-exhaustion and
dehydration stress?
Answer:
AG supplementation provids a significant ergogenic benefit by: increasing time to exhaustion
during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and
electrolyte uptake.
Question:
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity.
Answer:
Decreased glycogen synthesis decreased performance overreaching/ overtraining.
Question:
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to exercising in the
heat?
Answer:
Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
Question:
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4 weeks?
Answer:
, a. Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end product of leucine metabolism in human tissues
such as muscle and connective tissue. According to the clinical and experimental studies, HICA can
be considered as an anti-catabolic substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA
supplementation on body composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical
performance of athletes during a training period. b. a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day
leads to small increases in muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes.
Question:
What is a Bod-Pod
Answer:
A body composition recording device that uses Air Displacement Plethysmography.
Question:
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions does one fuel
source predominate over the other
Answer:
a. Fat oxidation primarily occurs at low intensity long duration exercise b. Carbohydrates are
oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
Question:
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance?
Answer:
a. positively affect exercise performance through favorable lactate and preferential fatty acid
substrate metabolism b. increase power, force, and maintenance
Question:
Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle
Answer:
a. Increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy) b. Greater increase in type II muscle fibers c.
Shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
