NU 327 Patho Exam 2 Study Guide // 203 with Correct
Answers 2026
Dehydration/Dry/Hemoconcentrated – Correct Answer not a lot of liquid in the vascular
space
Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration – Correct Answer Elevated Na+, K+; dry mouth, thirsty,
increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, tinting of skin (when you pinch up the skin
and it doesn’t go right back down), sunken eyes, low urination
What causes dehydration? – Correct Answer low H2O intake, fever, vomiting, diarrhea,
heat, sweating
Hemodilution/volume overload/wet – Correct Answer too much liquid is in the vascular
space
Signs and Symptoms of hemodilution – Correct Answer high blood pressure, strong pulse,
*extra respiratory sounds* (crackles), bulging eyes, confusion, edema (swelling)
If someone is hemodiluted, what type of solution would you give them? – Correct Answer
hypertonic
If a person is hemoconcentrated, what type of solution would you give them? – Correct
Answer hypotonic
Isotonic – Correct Answer Normal; amount of Na+ is the same as it is in the blood vessel
space
Isotonic fluids – Correct Answer 0.9% Normal Saline (NS), Ringers Lactate (RL)
If you are worried a patient may get acidoses, which fluid would you give them? – Correct
Answer Ringers Lactate, which is an isotonic fluid that has a slight buffer
Hypertonic – Correct Answer osmolality (Na+) is higher in this fluid than in the blood vessel
space
Which type of fluid pulls substances/other fluids towards it? – Correct Answer hypertonic
Hypertonic fluids – Correct Answer 3% NS, 5% NS, 5% albumin, 25% albumin, mannitol
Which type of fluid pulls protein out of the tissues and cells and into the vessels? – Correct
Answer 25% albumin, hypertonic fluid
If a patient is swollen, what type of solution would you give them? – Correct Answer
hypertonic
,Hypotonic – Correct Answer have less Na+ than our blood stream
Hypotonic fluids – Correct Answer 5% Dextrose (D5W), 0.45% NS (D5.45 NS; ½ NS), D5.225
NS (1/4 NS), free water
0.9% Normal Saline – Correct Answer isotonic
Ringers Lactate – Correct Answer Isotonic
3% normal saline – Correct Answer hypertonic
5% normal saline – Correct Answer hypertonic
5% albumin – Correct Answer hypertonic
25% albumin – Correct Answer hypertonic
5% Dextrose (D5W) – Correct Answer Hypotonic
Half Normal Saline (D5.45) – Correct Answer Hypotonic
Quarter Normal Saline (D5.225) – Correct Answer hypotonic
Free water – Correct Answer hypotonic
What could happen if you give hypertonic fluid too fast? – Correct Answer can cause the
cell to die from lack of water
What kind of patients can you not give hypotonic fluid to? – Correct Answer a patient with
bad kidneys or a bad heart
Why can you not give hypotonic fluids to patients with bad kidneys/heart? – Correct Answer
can cause congestive heart failure because of too much fluid passing through the veins
and vessels
What happens if you add hypotonic fluid too quickly/too much? – Correct Answer can
cause cells to swell and burst
For a hemoconcentrated patient with kidney failure, what kind of solution would you give
them and why? – Correct Answer isotonic, it levels out the H2O and Na+ ratio more slowly
than a hypotonic fluid would
If a patient is bleeding, what type of fluid would you give to keep a stable volume? – Correct
Answer isotonic
What is the normal daily intake of fluids – Correct Answer 1.5-3L
What is the normal urine output – Correct Answer 0.5 mg/kg/hour
, What is the major extracellular ion – Correct Answer sodium
What does H2O follow in fluid and electrolyte movement? – Correct Answer sodium
What does sodium follow in fluid and electrolyte movement? – Correct Answer protein
Which two electrolytes normally move together during F&E movement? – Correct Answer
sodium and chloride
Which two electrolytes normally move in opposition during F&E movement? – Correct
Answer potassium and sodium
What controls/increases Na+ reabsorption from the tubules? – Correct Answer angiotensin
II and aldosterone
What is hypernatremia – Correct Answer high concentration of sodium in the blood usually
from fluid loss/deficiency
What are S&S of hypernatremia – Correct Answer thirst, dry skin/mucous membranes,
tachycardia, thready pulse, hemoconcentration
What causes hypernatremia – Correct Answer decrease H2O intake, fever,
vomiting/diarrhea, concentrated tube feedings, strenuous exercise, excessive diaphoresis
What is hyponatremia – Correct Answer too little sodium in the blood; usually from too
much water or hypotonic fluids
What are the S&S of hyponatremia – Correct Answer edema, N/V, abdominal cramps, full
pulse, hemodilution, lethargy, HA, confusion, disorientation
What disease can cause hyponatremia – Correct Answer Addison’s Disease
What is the major intracellular ion – Correct Answer potassium
What is hypokalemia – Correct Answer potassium level in blood is too low; caused by low
intake of K+ or increased urine output
What are the S&S of hypokalemia – Correct Answer increased urine output, thirst,
orthostatic hypotension, N/V, fatigue, cramps, dysrhythmias
What can cause hypokalemia – Correct Answer high urine output, vomiting, GI suction,
alkalosis, burns, hyperinsulinemia (excess levels of insulin in blood)
What is hyperkalemia – Correct Answer too much potassium in the blood; caused by not
enough fluid excretion
Answers 2026
Dehydration/Dry/Hemoconcentrated – Correct Answer not a lot of liquid in the vascular
space
Signs and Symptoms of Dehydration – Correct Answer Elevated Na+, K+; dry mouth, thirsty,
increased heart rate, decreased blood pressure, tinting of skin (when you pinch up the skin
and it doesn’t go right back down), sunken eyes, low urination
What causes dehydration? – Correct Answer low H2O intake, fever, vomiting, diarrhea,
heat, sweating
Hemodilution/volume overload/wet – Correct Answer too much liquid is in the vascular
space
Signs and Symptoms of hemodilution – Correct Answer high blood pressure, strong pulse,
*extra respiratory sounds* (crackles), bulging eyes, confusion, edema (swelling)
If someone is hemodiluted, what type of solution would you give them? – Correct Answer
hypertonic
If a person is hemoconcentrated, what type of solution would you give them? – Correct
Answer hypotonic
Isotonic – Correct Answer Normal; amount of Na+ is the same as it is in the blood vessel
space
Isotonic fluids – Correct Answer 0.9% Normal Saline (NS), Ringers Lactate (RL)
If you are worried a patient may get acidoses, which fluid would you give them? – Correct
Answer Ringers Lactate, which is an isotonic fluid that has a slight buffer
Hypertonic – Correct Answer osmolality (Na+) is higher in this fluid than in the blood vessel
space
Which type of fluid pulls substances/other fluids towards it? – Correct Answer hypertonic
Hypertonic fluids – Correct Answer 3% NS, 5% NS, 5% albumin, 25% albumin, mannitol
Which type of fluid pulls protein out of the tissues and cells and into the vessels? – Correct
Answer 25% albumin, hypertonic fluid
If a patient is swollen, what type of solution would you give them? – Correct Answer
hypertonic
,Hypotonic – Correct Answer have less Na+ than our blood stream
Hypotonic fluids – Correct Answer 5% Dextrose (D5W), 0.45% NS (D5.45 NS; ½ NS), D5.225
NS (1/4 NS), free water
0.9% Normal Saline – Correct Answer isotonic
Ringers Lactate – Correct Answer Isotonic
3% normal saline – Correct Answer hypertonic
5% normal saline – Correct Answer hypertonic
5% albumin – Correct Answer hypertonic
25% albumin – Correct Answer hypertonic
5% Dextrose (D5W) – Correct Answer Hypotonic
Half Normal Saline (D5.45) – Correct Answer Hypotonic
Quarter Normal Saline (D5.225) – Correct Answer hypotonic
Free water – Correct Answer hypotonic
What could happen if you give hypertonic fluid too fast? – Correct Answer can cause the
cell to die from lack of water
What kind of patients can you not give hypotonic fluid to? – Correct Answer a patient with
bad kidneys or a bad heart
Why can you not give hypotonic fluids to patients with bad kidneys/heart? – Correct Answer
can cause congestive heart failure because of too much fluid passing through the veins
and vessels
What happens if you add hypotonic fluid too quickly/too much? – Correct Answer can
cause cells to swell and burst
For a hemoconcentrated patient with kidney failure, what kind of solution would you give
them and why? – Correct Answer isotonic, it levels out the H2O and Na+ ratio more slowly
than a hypotonic fluid would
If a patient is bleeding, what type of fluid would you give to keep a stable volume? – Correct
Answer isotonic
What is the normal daily intake of fluids – Correct Answer 1.5-3L
What is the normal urine output – Correct Answer 0.5 mg/kg/hour
, What is the major extracellular ion – Correct Answer sodium
What does H2O follow in fluid and electrolyte movement? – Correct Answer sodium
What does sodium follow in fluid and electrolyte movement? – Correct Answer protein
Which two electrolytes normally move together during F&E movement? – Correct Answer
sodium and chloride
Which two electrolytes normally move in opposition during F&E movement? – Correct
Answer potassium and sodium
What controls/increases Na+ reabsorption from the tubules? – Correct Answer angiotensin
II and aldosterone
What is hypernatremia – Correct Answer high concentration of sodium in the blood usually
from fluid loss/deficiency
What are S&S of hypernatremia – Correct Answer thirst, dry skin/mucous membranes,
tachycardia, thready pulse, hemoconcentration
What causes hypernatremia – Correct Answer decrease H2O intake, fever,
vomiting/diarrhea, concentrated tube feedings, strenuous exercise, excessive diaphoresis
What is hyponatremia – Correct Answer too little sodium in the blood; usually from too
much water or hypotonic fluids
What are the S&S of hyponatremia – Correct Answer edema, N/V, abdominal cramps, full
pulse, hemodilution, lethargy, HA, confusion, disorientation
What disease can cause hyponatremia – Correct Answer Addison’s Disease
What is the major intracellular ion – Correct Answer potassium
What is hypokalemia – Correct Answer potassium level in blood is too low; caused by low
intake of K+ or increased urine output
What are the S&S of hypokalemia – Correct Answer increased urine output, thirst,
orthostatic hypotension, N/V, fatigue, cramps, dysrhythmias
What can cause hypokalemia – Correct Answer high urine output, vomiting, GI suction,
alkalosis, burns, hyperinsulinemia (excess levels of insulin in blood)
What is hyperkalemia – Correct Answer too much potassium in the blood; caused by not
enough fluid excretion
