NSG 448 Exam 2 V3 | NSG 448 Evidence-
Based Project Capstone | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (NSG448 Exam 2) | Grand
Canyon University
1. A nurse researcher is developing a PICO(T) question for a capstone project regarding
catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Which of the following are recognized
components of the PICO(T) framework? (Select All That Apply)
A. Population or Patient
B. Intervention or Interest
C. Comparison
D. Outcome
E. Timeframe
F. Process
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D, E
Explanation: The PICO(T) acronym is a standard tool used to guide the development of
clinical research questions. P stands for Patient/Population, I for Intervention, C for
Comparison, O for Outcome, and T for Time. Process is not a component of the PICO(T)
framework, though it may be part of the implementation strategy later in the project.
,2. When evaluating the hierarchy of evidence, which of the following study designs provides
the highest level of evidence for clinical decision-making?
A. Case-control studies
B. Qualitative descriptive studies
C. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of RCTs
D. Expert opinion and consensus reports
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of all relevant randomized controlled
trials (RCTs) are considered Level I evidence, representing the highest tier. These studies
synthesize findings from multiple high-quality experiments to provide a comprehensive
answer to a clinical question. Other levels, such as case-control or qualitative studies, offer
valuable insights but carry a higher risk of bias or lower generalizability.
3. A nursing student is reviewing literature and finds a study that explores the ‘lived
experience’ of patients undergoing chemotherapy. This is an example of which type of
research?
A. Quantitative research
B. Quasi-experimental research
C. Phenomenological research
D. Correlational research
,Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Phenomenology is a qualitative research approach that focuses on the lived
experience of individuals regarding a specific phenomenon. It aims to describe the essence
of the experience from the perspective of the participants. Quantitative, quasi-
experimental, and correlational designs focus on numerical data and objective
measurement rather than subjective experience.
4. In the context of statistical analysis, what does a p-value of less than 0.05 (p < 0.05)
typically signify?
A. The results are clinically significant but not statistically significant.
B. The null hypothesis should be accepted.
C. There is a less than 5% probability that the observed results occurred by chance.
D. The study has high internal validity but low external validity.
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: A p-value of less than 0.05 is the conventional threshold for statistical
significance in nursing research. It indicates that there is a 5% or lower probability that the
results were due to random variation. When this threshold is met, researchers typically
reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
5. Which of the following are common barriers to the implementation of Evidence-Based
Practice (EBP) in the clinical setting? (Select All That Apply)
A. Lack of time
, B. Inadequate access to research databases
C. Resistance to change among staff
D. Strong administrative support
E. Lack of knowledge regarding the EBP process
Correct Answer: A, B, C, E
Explanation: Implementation of EBP is often hindered by organizational and individual
factors such as limited time to read research, lack of resources like database access, and a
culture that is resistant to changing established routines. Educational deficits regarding
how to critique and apply research are also significant barriers. Strong administrative
support is considered a facilitator, not a barrier, to EBP.
6. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is primarily responsible for which of the following
tasks?
A. Ensuring the statistical power of a study is sufficient.
B. Protecting the rights and welfare of human research subjects.
C. Publishing research findings in peer-reviewed journals.
D. Allocating grant funding to nursing students.
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The primary mandate of the IRB is the ethical oversight of research involving
human participants. They ensure that risks to participants are minimized and that
Based Project Capstone | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (NSG448 Exam 2) | Grand
Canyon University
1. A nurse researcher is developing a PICO(T) question for a capstone project regarding
catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Which of the following are recognized
components of the PICO(T) framework? (Select All That Apply)
A. Population or Patient
B. Intervention or Interest
C. Comparison
D. Outcome
E. Timeframe
F. Process
Correct Answer: A, B, C, D, E
Explanation: The PICO(T) acronym is a standard tool used to guide the development of
clinical research questions. P stands for Patient/Population, I for Intervention, C for
Comparison, O for Outcome, and T for Time. Process is not a component of the PICO(T)
framework, though it may be part of the implementation strategy later in the project.
,2. When evaluating the hierarchy of evidence, which of the following study designs provides
the highest level of evidence for clinical decision-making?
A. Case-control studies
B. Qualitative descriptive studies
C. Systematic reviews or meta-analyses of RCTs
D. Expert opinion and consensus reports
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of all relevant randomized controlled
trials (RCTs) are considered Level I evidence, representing the highest tier. These studies
synthesize findings from multiple high-quality experiments to provide a comprehensive
answer to a clinical question. Other levels, such as case-control or qualitative studies, offer
valuable insights but carry a higher risk of bias or lower generalizability.
3. A nursing student is reviewing literature and finds a study that explores the ‘lived
experience’ of patients undergoing chemotherapy. This is an example of which type of
research?
A. Quantitative research
B. Quasi-experimental research
C. Phenomenological research
D. Correlational research
,Correct Answer: C
Explanation: Phenomenology is a qualitative research approach that focuses on the lived
experience of individuals regarding a specific phenomenon. It aims to describe the essence
of the experience from the perspective of the participants. Quantitative, quasi-
experimental, and correlational designs focus on numerical data and objective
measurement rather than subjective experience.
4. In the context of statistical analysis, what does a p-value of less than 0.05 (p < 0.05)
typically signify?
A. The results are clinically significant but not statistically significant.
B. The null hypothesis should be accepted.
C. There is a less than 5% probability that the observed results occurred by chance.
D. The study has high internal validity but low external validity.
Correct Answer: C
Explanation: A p-value of less than 0.05 is the conventional threshold for statistical
significance in nursing research. It indicates that there is a 5% or lower probability that the
results were due to random variation. When this threshold is met, researchers typically
reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
5. Which of the following are common barriers to the implementation of Evidence-Based
Practice (EBP) in the clinical setting? (Select All That Apply)
A. Lack of time
, B. Inadequate access to research databases
C. Resistance to change among staff
D. Strong administrative support
E. Lack of knowledge regarding the EBP process
Correct Answer: A, B, C, E
Explanation: Implementation of EBP is often hindered by organizational and individual
factors such as limited time to read research, lack of resources like database access, and a
culture that is resistant to changing established routines. Educational deficits regarding
how to critique and apply research are also significant barriers. Strong administrative
support is considered a facilitator, not a barrier, to EBP.
6. The Institutional Review Board (IRB) is primarily responsible for which of the following
tasks?
A. Ensuring the statistical power of a study is sufficient.
B. Protecting the rights and welfare of human research subjects.
C. Publishing research findings in peer-reviewed journals.
D. Allocating grant funding to nursing students.
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The primary mandate of the IRB is the ethical oversight of research involving
human participants. They ensure that risks to participants are minimized and that
