NUR 1024 final- Review Exam
Questions and Correct Answers 2026
Update.
Diagnostic testing: Back problems (herniated disc) - Answer Health history
Physical exam
Mobility test- straight leg raise test, gait test, reflex test, muscle strength test
Imaging- CT scan (most common) and MRI (severe cases)
Blood tests- CBC, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, HLA-B27 (used to test for
inflammation, infection, arthritis)
Myelogram- dye is injected into the spinal fluid and visualized by x-ray may be used to identify
areas of pressure on the spinal cord or nerves
Electromyogram - measures the electrical activity of the muscles at rest during contraction
Diagnostic test: Back problems (Scoliosis) - Answer School screening (Adam forward bend
test- scoliometer can be used to measure patients rib hump when in the Adam position)
Imaging-rays (definitive dx; Cobb method), MRI, CT scans, and bones scans
Surgery- Cobb angle over 50 degrees, involves spinal fusion combined with inserting metal rods
on either side of the spine; will need to limit activity 6-8months after and learn to perform
simple tasks without bending or twisting torso
Diagnostic testing: Fractures - Answer X-ray (primary)
Blood tests (blood chemistry studies, CBC, coagulation studies)
other imaging- bones scans, MRI, CT scans
Diagnostic test: OA - Answer X-ray of affected joint (most common)
,-reveals a narrowing of the space between bones in the joint, indicating a lack of cartilage
MRI
US (ultrasound)
Blood work- R/O other causes
Joint fluid analysis
-detects inflammation, bacteria, or uric acid crystals
Diagnostic Tests: PD - Answer DaTscan
-allows visualization of dopaminergic neurons
MRI
Blood tests
Surgery: Back problems (herniated disc) - Answer Reserved for the most severe cases
Laminectomy- removal of lamina, this enlarges the spinal canal and relieves pressure on the
associated nerves. Performed in conjunction with other procedures
Discectomy-removal or all or part of HD in which surrounding structures are returned to their
natural positions
Spinal fusion-joins two or more vertebra together using bone grafts, screws, and rods in which
sued area is immobile reducing pain
(alternative- artificial disc surgery)
Laser surgery-needle inserted into disc and delivers laser energy to vaporize the tissue in the
disc reducing size of disc and relieving pressure on nerves
Surgery: Fractures - Answer External fixation (metal pins and screws are placed into the bone
above and below the fracture, pins and screws attached to metal bar outside the skin)
, Internal fixation (open reduction and internal fixation-internally repairs a bone fracture with
bone being placed in correct alignment with screws, pins, rods, and plates, allows shorter
hospital stays, earlier return to full function)
1st line treatment for hip fx (surgery should take place asap
Surgery: Back problems (Scoliosis) - Answer Cobb angle over 50 degrees, involves spinal
fusion combined with inserting metal rods on either side of the spine; will need to limit activity
6-8months after and learn to perform simple tasks without bending or twisting torso
Surgery: OA - Answer Arthroscopy
-repairs cartilage that is worn from the ends of bones
-camera that is inserted into the joint to visualize the joint structures and small surgical
instruments inserted for debridement
Joint resurfacing
-small amount of bone is removed at the articulating surface of the joint, and a metal
replacement is fitted over the end of the bone
Osteotomy
-surgical removal of a wedge of bone above or below the joint to realign the joint and shift the
weight away from the damaged portion of the joint
Joint fusion
-(arthrodesis) permanently fuses two or more bones together at a joint using pins, plates,
screws, and rods
Arthroplasty
-total joint replacement, surgeon removes the damaged joint surfaces and replaces them with
plastic, metal, or ceramic prostheses
Surgery: PD - Answer Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
-Neurostimulator is implanted in client to send electrical signals to brain
-Reduces tremor, bradykinesia, & rigidity
-Often allows clients to decrease dosage of levodopa
-Complications - hemorrhage, infection, dislodging of leads, component failure
Questions and Correct Answers 2026
Update.
Diagnostic testing: Back problems (herniated disc) - Answer Health history
Physical exam
Mobility test- straight leg raise test, gait test, reflex test, muscle strength test
Imaging- CT scan (most common) and MRI (severe cases)
Blood tests- CBC, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, HLA-B27 (used to test for
inflammation, infection, arthritis)
Myelogram- dye is injected into the spinal fluid and visualized by x-ray may be used to identify
areas of pressure on the spinal cord or nerves
Electromyogram - measures the electrical activity of the muscles at rest during contraction
Diagnostic test: Back problems (Scoliosis) - Answer School screening (Adam forward bend
test- scoliometer can be used to measure patients rib hump when in the Adam position)
Imaging-rays (definitive dx; Cobb method), MRI, CT scans, and bones scans
Surgery- Cobb angle over 50 degrees, involves spinal fusion combined with inserting metal rods
on either side of the spine; will need to limit activity 6-8months after and learn to perform
simple tasks without bending or twisting torso
Diagnostic testing: Fractures - Answer X-ray (primary)
Blood tests (blood chemistry studies, CBC, coagulation studies)
other imaging- bones scans, MRI, CT scans
Diagnostic test: OA - Answer X-ray of affected joint (most common)
,-reveals a narrowing of the space between bones in the joint, indicating a lack of cartilage
MRI
US (ultrasound)
Blood work- R/O other causes
Joint fluid analysis
-detects inflammation, bacteria, or uric acid crystals
Diagnostic Tests: PD - Answer DaTscan
-allows visualization of dopaminergic neurons
MRI
Blood tests
Surgery: Back problems (herniated disc) - Answer Reserved for the most severe cases
Laminectomy- removal of lamina, this enlarges the spinal canal and relieves pressure on the
associated nerves. Performed in conjunction with other procedures
Discectomy-removal or all or part of HD in which surrounding structures are returned to their
natural positions
Spinal fusion-joins two or more vertebra together using bone grafts, screws, and rods in which
sued area is immobile reducing pain
(alternative- artificial disc surgery)
Laser surgery-needle inserted into disc and delivers laser energy to vaporize the tissue in the
disc reducing size of disc and relieving pressure on nerves
Surgery: Fractures - Answer External fixation (metal pins and screws are placed into the bone
above and below the fracture, pins and screws attached to metal bar outside the skin)
, Internal fixation (open reduction and internal fixation-internally repairs a bone fracture with
bone being placed in correct alignment with screws, pins, rods, and plates, allows shorter
hospital stays, earlier return to full function)
1st line treatment for hip fx (surgery should take place asap
Surgery: Back problems (Scoliosis) - Answer Cobb angle over 50 degrees, involves spinal
fusion combined with inserting metal rods on either side of the spine; will need to limit activity
6-8months after and learn to perform simple tasks without bending or twisting torso
Surgery: OA - Answer Arthroscopy
-repairs cartilage that is worn from the ends of bones
-camera that is inserted into the joint to visualize the joint structures and small surgical
instruments inserted for debridement
Joint resurfacing
-small amount of bone is removed at the articulating surface of the joint, and a metal
replacement is fitted over the end of the bone
Osteotomy
-surgical removal of a wedge of bone above or below the joint to realign the joint and shift the
weight away from the damaged portion of the joint
Joint fusion
-(arthrodesis) permanently fuses two or more bones together at a joint using pins, plates,
screws, and rods
Arthroplasty
-total joint replacement, surgeon removes the damaged joint surfaces and replaces them with
plastic, metal, or ceramic prostheses
Surgery: PD - Answer Deep brain stimulation (DBS)
-Neurostimulator is implanted in client to send electrical signals to brain
-Reduces tremor, bradykinesia, & rigidity
-Often allows clients to decrease dosage of levodopa
-Complications - hemorrhage, infection, dislodging of leads, component failure
