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Complete BIOD 331 | NURS 231 Pathophysiology Final Exam – 2 Versions (Latest 2025/2026) | Verified Q&A with Expert Rationales | Portage Learning

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Comprehensive study guide and test bank for the BIOD 331 / NURS 231 Pathophysiology Final Exam at Portage Learning, updated for the 2025/2026 academic year. This complete resource includes verified exam-style questions from two distinct final exam versions with detailed rationales, covering the full curriculum and designed to help nursing and pre-health students excel on the cumulative, proctored assessment . Key topics covered include: Cellular Pathophysiology & Adaptation: Distinguishing between cell proliferation (increasing cell number) and cell differentiation (becoming specialized); definition of pathophysiology; steps of the disease process (etiology, pathogenesis, morphologic changes, clinical manifestations); comparing signs (objective, e.g., fever) vs. symptoms (subjective, e.g., chest pain); differentiating apoptosis (programmed cell death) from necrosis (unregulated cell death from injury) . Neoplasia & Cancer: Characteristics of benign vs. malignant neoplasms; cancer risk factors; the TNM staging system; and the role of chemotherapy as a systemic treatment . Immunology & Diagnostics: Challenges of diagnosing autoimmune disorders (overlapping presentations, non-specific symptoms); stem cell properties (potency and self-renewal) . Acid-Base & Renal: Metabolic alkalosis vs. acidosis; respiratory compensation; normal lab values (pH 7.35–7.45, HCO3 22–26 mEq/L, PCO2 35–45 mm Hg); and examples of treatment such as fluid replacement . Musculoskeletal: Blood supply to bone via Haversian canals, Volkmann canals, anastomosing arteries, and diffusion through the endosteal surface; differentiating dry gangrene (black, dehydrated, slow spread) from wet gangrene (cold, swollen, foul odor, rapid spread) . Sample Questions (from the exam): What is the definition of "pathophysiology"? Pathophysiology is defined as not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but also the effects that these changes have on total body function . True/False: Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological conditions. True — Hypertrophy refers to the increase in size of cells. It can be physiologic, such as muscle growth from exercise, or pathologic, as in cardiac hypertrophy from hypertension . True/False: Cell differentiation is the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell division. False — Cell differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized; proliferation is the process of increasing cell numbers . A patient presents in the emergency department with severe dehydration secondary to vomiting. Blood work shows: pH = 8.2, PCO2 = 39 mm, and HCO3- = 33 mEq/L. Normal values: pH = 7.35-7.45, PCO2 = 35-45 mm, HCO3- = 22-26 mEq/L. What type of acid-base disorder are they experiencing? Is compensation occurring?

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BIOD 331 | NURS 231 Pathophysiology

FINAL EXAM
Actual Questions and Verified Answers
100% Guarantee Pass
Portage Learning, Geneva College


Inside you will get:

➢ Updated Final Exam

➢ True & False Questions

➢ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers

➢ Expert-Verified Explanations

,### 1. (True/False) – Make true if False
Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more
specialized cell types.
Correct Answer: False; the process described is cell differentiation.


Verified Explanation: Cell proliferation involves increasing cell number through
mitosis. Cell differentiation refers to the process by which cells become structurally and
functionally specialized.


---


### 2. (True/False) – Make true if False
Cell differentiation is the process of increasing cell numbers by mitotic cell
division.
Correct Answer: False; the process described is cell proliferation.


Verified Explanation: Differentiation is the process wherein cells become specialized;
proliferation pertains specifically to cell division and the augmentation of cell numbers.


---


### 3. (Short answer) What are two important properties that stem cells possess?
Correct Answer: Potency and self-renewal.


Verified Explanation: Potency refers to the stem cell's ability to differentiate into
various specialized cell types, while self-renewal is the property that allows the stem cell
population to be maintained through many cycles of cell division.

, ### 4. (True/False) Metaplastic cells are not better prepared to survive under
stressful circumstances.
Correct Answer: False


Verified Explanation: Metaplastic cells arise through the process of metaplasia,
whereby one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type better suited for
survival under adverse conditions. This adaptation increases the survival capacity of
tissues exposed to chronic stressors or irritants, such as in the replacement of ciliated
columnar cells in the airways with squamous epithelium in smokers.


---


### 5. (True/False) Hypertrophy can occur under normal and pathological
conditions.
Correct Answer: True


Verified Explanation: Hypertrophy describes the increase in cell size, which contributes
to organ enlargement. This process can occur in response to physiological stimuli, such
as increased workload in muscle after exercise, or pathological stimuli, such as cardiac
hypertrophy secondary to hypertension.


---


### 6. Which are true of the mitochondria? (select all that apply)
- It is involved in cellular respiration
- They play a role in apoptosis
Correct Answer: Both statements are correct.

Información del documento

Subido en
22 de julio de 2026
Número de páginas
29
Escrito en
2025/2026
Tipo
Examen
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