SHS 427 UIUC Exam #Questions with correct answers
phonetics - ✔✔inventory and structure of speech sounds
phonology - ✔✔function and patterning of speech sounds
phonetic feature - ✔✔characteristic of individual sounds
phoneme - ✔✔smallest contrastive unit of sound in a language
cohort model - ✔✔words are analyzed by listeners from beginning to end;
analysis proceeds one phoneme (sound) at a time
cohort example - ✔✔ex: cohort of "S"
song, story, sparrow, slow, stop, sake, seem
word blending task - ✔✔bug + cat = bat
semantics - ✔✔analysis of meaning: words, phrases, sentences, discourse
semantic ambiguity - ✔✔when a word has more than one meaning
ambiguity resolution - ✔✔stage 1: all possible meanings are computed; stage 2:
one meaning selected while others are discarded; selection based on frequency of
meanings or on biasing information in the sentence; occurs subconsciously in <1
sec.
,syntax - ✔✔analysis of sentence structure; rules for combining words together to
form sentences
syntactic parser - ✔✔uses grammatical knowledge; contains a special system for
sentence processing; usually a close correspondence with with grammatical
structure
garden path sentences - ✔✔structurally simple sentences that are difficult to
understand; lead syntactic parser down the "garden path" to the wrong analysis
garden path sentences: minimal attachment - ✔✔do no build new sentence
structure unless necessary; build simplest sentence structure possible
garden path sentences: late closure - ✔✔new words or phrases should be
attached to the clause currently being constructed
syntactic ambiguity - ✔✔when more than one structure can be derived, and as a
result, more than one interpretation
example of sentence ambiguity - ✔✔look at that large man's hat
[large man's][hat] or [large][man's hat]
regional functional specialization - ✔✔neurons that respond to similar types of
info are grouped together
,meninges - ✔✔three tough layers of connective sheath: dura mater, arachnoid
mater, pia mater
ventricles - ✔✔• protect brain from trauma
• provide pathway for CSF circulation
• continuous with each other and central canal of spinal cord
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) - ✔✔• protective cushion for brain and spinal cord
• reduces shock of head movements
• nourishes brain
• removes waste metabolites
• filtrates blood
rostral - ✔✔front & up
caudal - ✔✔back & down
sagittal - ✔✔divides parts into right and left
horizontal (axial) - ✔✔divides parts into top and bottom halves
coronal - ✔✔divides parts into front and back
CNS - ✔✔• forebrain
, • midbrain
• hindbrain
forebrain - ✔✔• telencephalon
• diencephalon
midbrain - ✔✔• mesencephalon
hindbrain - ✔✔• metencephalon
• myelencephalon
hindbrain - ✔✔• pons
• medulla oblongata
• cerebellum
cerebellum - ✔✔• two interconnected hemispheres
• important for dexterity and smooth execution of movement
• integrates motor commands with online sensory feedback about current state
midbrain (mesencephalon) - ✔✔• superior colliculus
• inferior colliculus
• substantia nigra
superior colliculus - ✔✔part of visual pathway
phonetics - ✔✔inventory and structure of speech sounds
phonology - ✔✔function and patterning of speech sounds
phonetic feature - ✔✔characteristic of individual sounds
phoneme - ✔✔smallest contrastive unit of sound in a language
cohort model - ✔✔words are analyzed by listeners from beginning to end;
analysis proceeds one phoneme (sound) at a time
cohort example - ✔✔ex: cohort of "S"
song, story, sparrow, slow, stop, sake, seem
word blending task - ✔✔bug + cat = bat
semantics - ✔✔analysis of meaning: words, phrases, sentences, discourse
semantic ambiguity - ✔✔when a word has more than one meaning
ambiguity resolution - ✔✔stage 1: all possible meanings are computed; stage 2:
one meaning selected while others are discarded; selection based on frequency of
meanings or on biasing information in the sentence; occurs subconsciously in <1
sec.
,syntax - ✔✔analysis of sentence structure; rules for combining words together to
form sentences
syntactic parser - ✔✔uses grammatical knowledge; contains a special system for
sentence processing; usually a close correspondence with with grammatical
structure
garden path sentences - ✔✔structurally simple sentences that are difficult to
understand; lead syntactic parser down the "garden path" to the wrong analysis
garden path sentences: minimal attachment - ✔✔do no build new sentence
structure unless necessary; build simplest sentence structure possible
garden path sentences: late closure - ✔✔new words or phrases should be
attached to the clause currently being constructed
syntactic ambiguity - ✔✔when more than one structure can be derived, and as a
result, more than one interpretation
example of sentence ambiguity - ✔✔look at that large man's hat
[large man's][hat] or [large][man's hat]
regional functional specialization - ✔✔neurons that respond to similar types of
info are grouped together
,meninges - ✔✔three tough layers of connective sheath: dura mater, arachnoid
mater, pia mater
ventricles - ✔✔• protect brain from trauma
• provide pathway for CSF circulation
• continuous with each other and central canal of spinal cord
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) - ✔✔• protective cushion for brain and spinal cord
• reduces shock of head movements
• nourishes brain
• removes waste metabolites
• filtrates blood
rostral - ✔✔front & up
caudal - ✔✔back & down
sagittal - ✔✔divides parts into right and left
horizontal (axial) - ✔✔divides parts into top and bottom halves
coronal - ✔✔divides parts into front and back
CNS - ✔✔• forebrain
, • midbrain
• hindbrain
forebrain - ✔✔• telencephalon
• diencephalon
midbrain - ✔✔• mesencephalon
hindbrain - ✔✔• metencephalon
• myelencephalon
hindbrain - ✔✔• pons
• medulla oblongata
• cerebellum
cerebellum - ✔✔• two interconnected hemispheres
• important for dexterity and smooth execution of movement
• integrates motor commands with online sensory feedback about current state
midbrain (mesencephalon) - ✔✔• superior colliculus
• inferior colliculus
• substantia nigra
superior colliculus - ✔✔part of visual pathway
