BIO 169 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026/2027 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔What is the function of globulin? - ✔✔35% of plasma proteins
There are three main subgroups known as alpha, beta, and gamma globulins.
Formed by liver (alpha, beta) and plasma cells (WBCs)(gamma).
Transport globulins which bind ions, lipids ,fat soluble vitamins, hormones and other
hydrophobic compounds(alpha, beta).
Include immunoglobins (antibodies) which attack foreign proteins and pathogens
(gamma).
✔✔What is the function of fibrinogen? - ✔✔5% of plasma proteins
Least abundant, fibrinogen is produced by the liver.
It is essential for blood clotting, precursor of fibrin threads that form blood clots.
✔✔Which of this is typically not found in blood plasma?
1. Fibrinogen
2. Glycogen
3. Urea
4. Albumin
5. Glucose - ✔✔Glycogen
✔✔What are the most abundant leucocytes? - ✔✔Neutrophils
✔✔What percentage of WBC are lymphocytes? - ✔✔25-35%
✔✔What percentage of WBC are Monocytes? - ✔✔3-8%
✔✔What percentage of WBC are basophils? - ✔✔0.5-1%
✔✔What percentage of WBC are eosinophils? - ✔✔2-4%
✔✔What percentage of WBC are neutrophils? - ✔✔60-70%
✔✔what is the lifespan of a RBC? - ✔✔120 days
✔✔What percentage of the blood is plasma? - ✔✔46-63%
✔✔What percentage of the blood is formed elements? - ✔✔37-54%
✔✔Acts as the pacemaker of the heart; carries the electrical signal to the contractile
cells (cardiomyocytes) of the atria. - ✔✔SA node
, ✔✔Carry the electrical signals to the contractile cells (cardiomyocytes) of the ventricles.
- ✔✔Purkinje fibers
✔✔Electrical gateway transfers and slows the electrical signal from the atria to the
ventricles. - ✔✔AV node
✔✔Eosinophils function - ✔✔Defense against parasitic infections and Regulation of
allergic reactions
✔✔Basophils functions - ✔✔Releasing of chemicals (Histamine and Heparin) that
mediate inflammation
✔✔Neutrophils function - ✔✔1st line of defense against invading bacteria and
phagocytic cells (microphages)
✔✔Monocytes function - ✔✔Become macrophages (phagocytic cells) in tissues
✔✔Platelets function - ✔✔Essential to the normal process of hemostasis (blood clotting)
✔✔ What are the major components of the heart conduction system? - ✔✔SA Node ->
AV Node -> AV bundle -> left bundle branch and right bundle branch -> Purkinje fibers
✔✔P wave - ✔✔SA node fires, atrial depolarization
✔✔QRS complex - ✔✔ventricular depolarization
✔✔T wave - ✔✔ventricular repolarization
✔✔P-R interval - ✔✔atria contracts
✔✔Q-T interval - ✔✔ventricles contract
✔✔What are the four phases of the cardiac cycle? - ✔✔1. Ventricular filling (a & b)
2. Isovolumic ventricular contraction
3. Ventricular ejection
4. Isovolumic ventricular relaxation
✔✔Ventricular filling (a): Early diastole - ✔✔Passive atrial filling from veins, the pressure
in the atria increases & AV valves open
Passive ventricular filling.
Ventricles are expanding and filling (80%)
Both atria and ventricles in diastole
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔What is the function of globulin? - ✔✔35% of plasma proteins
There are three main subgroups known as alpha, beta, and gamma globulins.
Formed by liver (alpha, beta) and plasma cells (WBCs)(gamma).
Transport globulins which bind ions, lipids ,fat soluble vitamins, hormones and other
hydrophobic compounds(alpha, beta).
Include immunoglobins (antibodies) which attack foreign proteins and pathogens
(gamma).
✔✔What is the function of fibrinogen? - ✔✔5% of plasma proteins
Least abundant, fibrinogen is produced by the liver.
It is essential for blood clotting, precursor of fibrin threads that form blood clots.
✔✔Which of this is typically not found in blood plasma?
1. Fibrinogen
2. Glycogen
3. Urea
4. Albumin
5. Glucose - ✔✔Glycogen
✔✔What are the most abundant leucocytes? - ✔✔Neutrophils
✔✔What percentage of WBC are lymphocytes? - ✔✔25-35%
✔✔What percentage of WBC are Monocytes? - ✔✔3-8%
✔✔What percentage of WBC are basophils? - ✔✔0.5-1%
✔✔What percentage of WBC are eosinophils? - ✔✔2-4%
✔✔What percentage of WBC are neutrophils? - ✔✔60-70%
✔✔what is the lifespan of a RBC? - ✔✔120 days
✔✔What percentage of the blood is plasma? - ✔✔46-63%
✔✔What percentage of the blood is formed elements? - ✔✔37-54%
✔✔Acts as the pacemaker of the heart; carries the electrical signal to the contractile
cells (cardiomyocytes) of the atria. - ✔✔SA node
, ✔✔Carry the electrical signals to the contractile cells (cardiomyocytes) of the ventricles.
- ✔✔Purkinje fibers
✔✔Electrical gateway transfers and slows the electrical signal from the atria to the
ventricles. - ✔✔AV node
✔✔Eosinophils function - ✔✔Defense against parasitic infections and Regulation of
allergic reactions
✔✔Basophils functions - ✔✔Releasing of chemicals (Histamine and Heparin) that
mediate inflammation
✔✔Neutrophils function - ✔✔1st line of defense against invading bacteria and
phagocytic cells (microphages)
✔✔Monocytes function - ✔✔Become macrophages (phagocytic cells) in tissues
✔✔Platelets function - ✔✔Essential to the normal process of hemostasis (blood clotting)
✔✔ What are the major components of the heart conduction system? - ✔✔SA Node ->
AV Node -> AV bundle -> left bundle branch and right bundle branch -> Purkinje fibers
✔✔P wave - ✔✔SA node fires, atrial depolarization
✔✔QRS complex - ✔✔ventricular depolarization
✔✔T wave - ✔✔ventricular repolarization
✔✔P-R interval - ✔✔atria contracts
✔✔Q-T interval - ✔✔ventricles contract
✔✔What are the four phases of the cardiac cycle? - ✔✔1. Ventricular filling (a & b)
2. Isovolumic ventricular contraction
3. Ventricular ejection
4. Isovolumic ventricular relaxation
✔✔Ventricular filling (a): Early diastole - ✔✔Passive atrial filling from veins, the pressure
in the atria increases & AV valves open
Passive ventricular filling.
Ventricles are expanding and filling (80%)
Both atria and ventricles in diastole
