TEST BANK for Kuby Immunology with Covid-
!x !x !x !x !x !x
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
!x !x !x !x
Complete Chapters 1- !x !x
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Include
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
d| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
!x !x !x
, Chapter 01 !x
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two diff
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
er? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen,
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor).
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
was shown to be correct.
!x !x !x !x
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain ho
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
w serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He chal
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
lenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
!x !x !x !x !x !x
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previousl
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
y exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens a
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
s vaccines.
!x
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potenti
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
al bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. A
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
s populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !
xdisease.
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising in
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
cidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !
of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued us
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
e of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. Antib
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
iotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines are a
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !
xpreventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunolog
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
y, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common f
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
orms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are cl
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
osely-related.
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during th
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
e development of B cells.
!x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens a
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
s they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target hos
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
t antigens.
!x
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body vi
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
a circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive surve
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
illance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body is c
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
onstantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
!x !x !x !x !x
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
Innate Immunity !x
Adaptive Immunity !x
!x Is mediated by what cells?
!x !x !x !x
What do they recognize? !x !x !x
How are the receptors encoded?
!x !x !x !x
Why can't they control all infections alone? Wh
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x
at do they do in response to antigen?
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x
, CORRECT ANSWER: !x
Innate Immunity !x
Adaptive !
x
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK ce !x !x
Is mediated by
!x !x ! T cells and B
!x !x !x !
lls, neutrophils, mast
!x !x !x
what cells?
x !x cells x
cells eosinophils !x
What do they !x !x ! Pathogen patterns !x
Specific
recognize?
x
!x
epitope
s
How are the !x !x
Rearranged
receptors Germ line !x
gene segments !x
encoded?
Why can't they !x !x !x
Pathogens evolve !x !x Takes too long t !x !x !x
control all infect !x !x
escape mechanisms !x o develop !x
ions alone? !x
What do they do !x !x !x !x Produce antib !x
Engulf and destroy, !x !x !
in response to a
!x !x !x odies, kill infe !x !x
induce inflammatio x !x
ntigen? cted cells !x
n
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someon
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
e experiencing an inflammatory response.
!x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have l
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
ocalized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood p
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
ressure if more severe. !x !x !x
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient b
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
e immune from future bites of the same species?
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- !x !x !x !x
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate long
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
-lived memory cells. !x !x
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A B
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
-
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherit
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
ed. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
!x !x !x !x !x !x
19 & Digital Update, 8th Edition by Sharon Stranford; Judy
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
Owen; Jenni Punt; Patricia Jones
!x !x !x !x
Complete Chapters 1- !x !x
21| Verified Q&As for Exam Preparation| All Figures Include
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
d| A+ PASS GUARANTEED
!x !x !x
, Chapter 01 !x
1. Two of the main, early theories proposed to explain how antigen-
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
specific antibodies develop were the instructional theory and the selective theory. How did the two diff
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
er? Which was ultimately shown to be CORRECT?
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: The selective theory says that, when an antigen receptor binds with an antigen,
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
the cell becomes activated (or the cell is selected to proliferate and secrete more copies of the receptor).
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
The instructional theory says that the antigen receptor molds itself to the antigen. The selective theory
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
was shown to be correct.
!x !x !x !x
2. Often, serendipity plays a role in significant scientific discoveries. In your own words, explain ho
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
w serendipity led Pasteur to discover a cholera vaccine.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: Pasteur developed the vaccine in chickens, which were in short supply. He chal
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
lenged groups of chickens with cholera bacteria—
!x !x !x !x !x !x
some of which were previously exposed to an attenuated version of cholera bacteria. Only the previousl
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
y exposed animals were protected from a new challenge, which led to the use of weakened pathogens a
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
s vaccines.
!x
3. Despite its having been eradicated on a global scale, smallpox is presently considered a potenti
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
al bioterrorism threat. Why? Use evidence to support your answer.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: After eradication was achieved, smallpox vaccination programs largely ended. A
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
s populations continued to grow over time, an ever-
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
increasing percentage of the human population remains unvaccinated and thus, is still susceptible to the
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !
xdisease.
4. Prior to 1999, it was claimed that a thimerosal additive in vaccines was contributing to the rising in
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
cidence of autism. If the claims were true, what resultant trend might you expect to observe in the rate
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !
of autism once thimerosal was removed from vaccines?
x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: One would reasonably expect a decrease in the rate of autism. However, cases
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
of autism continued to rise after thimerosal was removed from vaccines in 2001.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
5. Given the discovery and development of effective antibiotics, make an argument for the continued us
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
e of vaccines against bacterial pathogens. Use evidence to support your answer.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: Antibiotics are used for treatment of disease, not typically for prevention. Antib
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
iotic treatment is not foolproof (considering the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance). Vaccines are a
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !
xpreventative measure, and prevention is the gold standard for infectious disease control measures.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
,6. You have a friend unfamiliar with immunology, and he asks you the following question: "Why do I
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
need the flu shot every year, but don't need an annual chickenpox vaccine?" As a student of immunolog
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
y, how would you explain this discrepancy to your friend? Use evidence to support your answer.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: The virus that causes the flu changes every year -
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
as a result, a new flu vaccine must be prepared each year based on a predication of the most common f
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
orms of the virus likely to be encountered. Vaccines are specific in the type of pathogen against which
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
they protect, and protection against one type does not guarantee protection against pathogens that are cl
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
osely-related.
7. Provide one benefit and one drawback of generating random recognition receptors during th
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
e development of B cells.
!x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: A benefit is having the capacity to recognize and respond to diverse pathogens a
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
s they evolve. A drawback is that some recognition receptors could potentially recognize and target hos
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
t antigens.
!x
8. A portion of our immune systems' white blood cells is constantly circulating throughout the body vi
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
a circulation and lymphatics. What is the benefit of such circulation?
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: The circulation of the white blood cells allows for a more comprehensive surve
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
illance of the body for the presence of potential pathogens. A significant portion of the human body is c
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
onstantly exposed to potential microbial pathogens.
!x !x !x !x !x
9. Complete the following table by comparing and contrasting innate and adaptive immune responses.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
Innate Immunity !x
Adaptive Immunity !x
!x Is mediated by what cells?
!x !x !x !x
What do they recognize? !x !x !x
How are the receptors encoded?
!x !x !x !x
Why can't they control all infections alone? Wh
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x
at do they do in response to antigen?
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x
, CORRECT ANSWER: !x
Innate Immunity !x
Adaptive !
x
Immunit
y
Macrophages, NK ce !x !x
Is mediated by
!x !x ! T cells and B
!x !x !x !
lls, neutrophils, mast
!x !x !x
what cells?
x !x cells x
cells eosinophils !x
What do they !x !x ! Pathogen patterns !x
Specific
recognize?
x
!x
epitope
s
How are the !x !x
Rearranged
receptors Germ line !x
gene segments !x
encoded?
Why can't they !x !x !x
Pathogens evolve !x !x Takes too long t !x !x !x
control all infect !x !x
escape mechanisms !x o develop !x
ions alone? !x
What do they do !x !x !x !x Produce antib !x
Engulf and destroy, !x !x !
in response to a
!x !x !x odies, kill infe !x !x
induce inflammatio x !x
ntigen? cted cells !x
n
10. What are the hallmarks of inflammation? Describe the physical characteristics of someon
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
e experiencing an inflammatory response.
!x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: Redness, swelling, heat, pain. Someone experiencing inflammation might have l
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
ocalized swelling and redness or itching or may be experiencing faintness due to a lowering of blood p
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
ressure if more severe. !x !x !x
11. Upon receiving immune serum as a treatment for a venomous snake bite, would the recipient b
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
e immune from future bites of the same species?
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: In the short- !x !x !x !x
term, probably, as the serum contains protective antibodies against the venom. In the long-
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
term, no, as serum treatment is a form of passive immunity. Passive immunity does not generate long
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
-lived memory cells. !x !x
12. Provide one common feature of and two differences between B-cell receptors and PRRs.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
CORRECT ANSWER: A common feature is that they both are used to recognize foreign antigens. A B
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
-
cell receptor is more selective than a PRR. The DNA that encodes for a PRR in an individual is inherit
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
ed. The DNA that encodes for a mature B-
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
cell receptor from an individual is not passed on to offspring.
!x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x !x
