BUAD 309 STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔categorization - ✔✔type of perception error: putting things into groups with
exaggerated similarities and differences
✔✔halo effect - ✔✔type of perception error: forming a general impression based on one
characteristic
✔✔contrast effect - ✔✔type of perception error: evaluating someone by comparing them
to recently encountered people.
✔✔projection - ✔✔type of perception error: seeing own characteristics in others
✔✔first impression bias - ✔✔type of perception error: inability to let go of first
impressions (normally negative ones)
✔✔motivational process order - ✔✔includes determining a need, attempting to satisfy
the need with goal directed behaviors, and evaluating the outcome based on rewards
and punishments related to the behaviors.
✔✔traditional - ✔✔motivation solely by money
✔✔human relations - ✔✔motivation resulting from fostering favorable attitudes and
involvement
✔✔human resources - ✔✔motivation resulting from providing a proper work
environment and encouraging participation.
✔✔Herzbergs two Factor - ✔✔motivation has 2 separate dimensions:
1. motivation factors that affect satisfaction
2. hygiene factors that affect dissatisfaction
✔✔acquired needs - ✔✔need for achievement, affiliation and power
✔✔process based perspectives - ✔✔how people evaluate their satisfaction after they
have attained their goals
✔✔positive - ✔✔type of reinforcement: reward or desirable consequence is received
after a behavior (right away)
✔✔negative - ✔✔type of reinforcement: avoidance (right away)
, ✔✔extinction - ✔✔type of reinforcement: eliminate reward or desirable consequence
that follows behavior. Ex. reduction of hours
✔✔punishment - ✔✔type of reinforcement: unpleasant consequence
✔✔job specialization - ✔✔when jobs are broken down into small tasks. can be efficient
but can be boring and create low job satisfaction. Ex. assembly line
✔✔job englargement - ✔✔giving more tasks (horizontal). however, if no job title change
or pay raise, employees have no motivation because of additional tasks at hand.
✔✔job enrichement - ✔✔giving more tasks and more control (vertical). allows for
creativity
✔✔job characteristics theory - ✔✔psychology states of workers. do they value job? do
they feel accountable and responsible for work? are they aware of results? Offering a
variety of tasks
✔✔method 1 - ✔✔work design in the organization
✔✔method 2 - ✔✔employee involvement, participation, and motivation
✔✔method 3 - ✔✔flexible work arrangements
✔✔compressed work - ✔✔ex. working 10 hours MTWTh and having off Fri.
✔✔extended work - ✔✔working on the clock for long period of time but then have off for
the same period of time while getting paid.
✔✔flexible work - ✔✔have to work 8 hrs, but does not matter how/when
✔✔job sharing - ✔✔two people share one job- split hours, split pay
✔✔telecommuting - ✔✔work from home or other location- reduces absenteeism, and
organization expenses. can result in loss of social interaction and lack of self-
control/discipline
✔✔method 4 - ✔✔goal setting and motivation
✔✔goal setting theory - ✔✔behavior is a result of conscious goals and intentions. goals
influence behavior (performance)
✔✔management by objectives - ✔✔people at the top need to communicate goals to
lower employees openly and thoroughly
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔categorization - ✔✔type of perception error: putting things into groups with
exaggerated similarities and differences
✔✔halo effect - ✔✔type of perception error: forming a general impression based on one
characteristic
✔✔contrast effect - ✔✔type of perception error: evaluating someone by comparing them
to recently encountered people.
✔✔projection - ✔✔type of perception error: seeing own characteristics in others
✔✔first impression bias - ✔✔type of perception error: inability to let go of first
impressions (normally negative ones)
✔✔motivational process order - ✔✔includes determining a need, attempting to satisfy
the need with goal directed behaviors, and evaluating the outcome based on rewards
and punishments related to the behaviors.
✔✔traditional - ✔✔motivation solely by money
✔✔human relations - ✔✔motivation resulting from fostering favorable attitudes and
involvement
✔✔human resources - ✔✔motivation resulting from providing a proper work
environment and encouraging participation.
✔✔Herzbergs two Factor - ✔✔motivation has 2 separate dimensions:
1. motivation factors that affect satisfaction
2. hygiene factors that affect dissatisfaction
✔✔acquired needs - ✔✔need for achievement, affiliation and power
✔✔process based perspectives - ✔✔how people evaluate their satisfaction after they
have attained their goals
✔✔positive - ✔✔type of reinforcement: reward or desirable consequence is received
after a behavior (right away)
✔✔negative - ✔✔type of reinforcement: avoidance (right away)
, ✔✔extinction - ✔✔type of reinforcement: eliminate reward or desirable consequence
that follows behavior. Ex. reduction of hours
✔✔punishment - ✔✔type of reinforcement: unpleasant consequence
✔✔job specialization - ✔✔when jobs are broken down into small tasks. can be efficient
but can be boring and create low job satisfaction. Ex. assembly line
✔✔job englargement - ✔✔giving more tasks (horizontal). however, if no job title change
or pay raise, employees have no motivation because of additional tasks at hand.
✔✔job enrichement - ✔✔giving more tasks and more control (vertical). allows for
creativity
✔✔job characteristics theory - ✔✔psychology states of workers. do they value job? do
they feel accountable and responsible for work? are they aware of results? Offering a
variety of tasks
✔✔method 1 - ✔✔work design in the organization
✔✔method 2 - ✔✔employee involvement, participation, and motivation
✔✔method 3 - ✔✔flexible work arrangements
✔✔compressed work - ✔✔ex. working 10 hours MTWTh and having off Fri.
✔✔extended work - ✔✔working on the clock for long period of time but then have off for
the same period of time while getting paid.
✔✔flexible work - ✔✔have to work 8 hrs, but does not matter how/when
✔✔job sharing - ✔✔two people share one job- split hours, split pay
✔✔telecommuting - ✔✔work from home or other location- reduces absenteeism, and
organization expenses. can result in loss of social interaction and lack of self-
control/discipline
✔✔method 4 - ✔✔goal setting and motivation
✔✔goal setting theory - ✔✔behavior is a result of conscious goals and intentions. goals
influence behavior (performance)
✔✔management by objectives - ✔✔people at the top need to communicate goals to
lower employees openly and thoroughly
