PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026/2027 FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔What is one of the main complications with spinal cord injury patients, even years
later after the injury? - ✔✔Autonomic Dysreflexia
✔✔What is a normal intracranial pressure? - ✔✔5 - 15 mmHg
✔✔What will happen if a person has a intracranial pressure of 36? - ✔✔Cranium
Herniation
✔✔What are S&S of spinal shock? - ✔✔Loss of Reflexes Below Level of Injury,
Disturbances of the Bowel and Bladder Function
✔✔Somatic Pain - ✔✔On the body - superficial, arising from the skin described as
sharp, dull, aching, or throbbing
✔✔Visceral Pain - ✔✔Pain in the internal organs and lining of body cavities described
as aching, gnawing, throbbing, intermittent
✔✔A patient complains of pain, inflammation, pattern of detmatome? - ✔✔Herpes
Zoster (Shingles)
✔✔What is gouty arthritis caused by? - ✔✔Uric Acid
✔✔What are the complications of fractures? - ✔✔Infection, Improper Healing, Too Much
Protein in the Blood, Ischemia, Compartment Syndrome
✔✔What are the complications of compound (open) fractures? - ✔✔Infection (open
wound), Increased Bleeding, Muscle Damage, Emboli - Compartment Syndrome is NOT
a problem with this!!!
✔✔Why are women at an increased risk for osteoporosis? - ✔✔Decreased Estrogen
Levels (Menopause)
✔✔What is the difference between Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis? -
✔✔Rheumatoid: Autoimmuned, Pain Decreases Throughout the Day, Chronic
Inflammation, Affects Tissues & Joints
Osteoarthritis: Pain Increases Throughout the Day, Inflammation in the Joints
✔✔When is a bone completely healed? - ✔✔Once the Callus is Reabsorbed
✔✔What is Osteomalacia due to? - ✔✔Vitamin D Deficiency
, ✔✔What do you do for a patient who has a casted broken arm with no capillary refill
and the fingers turned white? - ✔✔Cut the Cast Off
✔✔What are S&S of rhabdomyolysis? - ✔✔Increased Potassium, Increased Proteins,
Increased BUN/Creation, Tea Colored Urine
✔✔When do your refer a person to the dermatologist for a mole? - ✔✔Painful, Bleeding,
Uneven Boarders, Two-Toned (color), Larger than 1/2 cm, Change Over Time
✔✔What are the most common causes of burns in children? - ✔✔Scalding
✔✔What is scleroderma? - ✔✔Hardening of the Skin
✔✔What is the 1st priority in caring for a burn patient? - ✔✔Save the Airway - keep it
open!
✔✔Why do we get atopic dermatitis or eczema? - ✔✔Allergic Reaction to the Skin
✔✔What causes skin ulcers? - ✔✔Pressure, Shearing Force/Friction, Moisture
✔✔What are melanocytes? - ✔✔Pigmented Skin
✔✔What is the treatment of choice with major burn injury? - ✔✔Skin Graphing
✔✔What type of shock do burn victims go into? - ✔✔Hypovolemic Shock - sudden loss
of fluid
✔✔What is impetigo? - ✔✔Crusty Infection due to Bacteria
✔✔What is the aim of burn wound management? - ✔✔Infection Control
✔✔Autonomic Dysreflexia - ✔✔Medical Emergency caused by simultaneous
sympathetic and parasympathetic activity (bowel or bladder distension pain or a
pressure ulcer)
✔✔What are S&S of Autonomic Dysreflexia? - ✔✔Hypertension, Bradycardia, Severe
Headaches, Pallor below and Flushing above the cord lesions, Convulsions
✔✔What are the normal ranges for pH, HCO3, and CO2? - ✔✔pH: 7.35 (acid) - 7.45
(base)
HCO3: 22 (acid) - 26 (base)
CO2: 35 (base) - 45 (acid)
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔What is one of the main complications with spinal cord injury patients, even years
later after the injury? - ✔✔Autonomic Dysreflexia
✔✔What is a normal intracranial pressure? - ✔✔5 - 15 mmHg
✔✔What will happen if a person has a intracranial pressure of 36? - ✔✔Cranium
Herniation
✔✔What are S&S of spinal shock? - ✔✔Loss of Reflexes Below Level of Injury,
Disturbances of the Bowel and Bladder Function
✔✔Somatic Pain - ✔✔On the body - superficial, arising from the skin described as
sharp, dull, aching, or throbbing
✔✔Visceral Pain - ✔✔Pain in the internal organs and lining of body cavities described
as aching, gnawing, throbbing, intermittent
✔✔A patient complains of pain, inflammation, pattern of detmatome? - ✔✔Herpes
Zoster (Shingles)
✔✔What is gouty arthritis caused by? - ✔✔Uric Acid
✔✔What are the complications of fractures? - ✔✔Infection, Improper Healing, Too Much
Protein in the Blood, Ischemia, Compartment Syndrome
✔✔What are the complications of compound (open) fractures? - ✔✔Infection (open
wound), Increased Bleeding, Muscle Damage, Emboli - Compartment Syndrome is NOT
a problem with this!!!
✔✔Why are women at an increased risk for osteoporosis? - ✔✔Decreased Estrogen
Levels (Menopause)
✔✔What is the difference between Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis? -
✔✔Rheumatoid: Autoimmuned, Pain Decreases Throughout the Day, Chronic
Inflammation, Affects Tissues & Joints
Osteoarthritis: Pain Increases Throughout the Day, Inflammation in the Joints
✔✔When is a bone completely healed? - ✔✔Once the Callus is Reabsorbed
✔✔What is Osteomalacia due to? - ✔✔Vitamin D Deficiency
, ✔✔What do you do for a patient who has a casted broken arm with no capillary refill
and the fingers turned white? - ✔✔Cut the Cast Off
✔✔What are S&S of rhabdomyolysis? - ✔✔Increased Potassium, Increased Proteins,
Increased BUN/Creation, Tea Colored Urine
✔✔When do your refer a person to the dermatologist for a mole? - ✔✔Painful, Bleeding,
Uneven Boarders, Two-Toned (color), Larger than 1/2 cm, Change Over Time
✔✔What are the most common causes of burns in children? - ✔✔Scalding
✔✔What is scleroderma? - ✔✔Hardening of the Skin
✔✔What is the 1st priority in caring for a burn patient? - ✔✔Save the Airway - keep it
open!
✔✔Why do we get atopic dermatitis or eczema? - ✔✔Allergic Reaction to the Skin
✔✔What causes skin ulcers? - ✔✔Pressure, Shearing Force/Friction, Moisture
✔✔What are melanocytes? - ✔✔Pigmented Skin
✔✔What is the treatment of choice with major burn injury? - ✔✔Skin Graphing
✔✔What type of shock do burn victims go into? - ✔✔Hypovolemic Shock - sudden loss
of fluid
✔✔What is impetigo? - ✔✔Crusty Infection due to Bacteria
✔✔What is the aim of burn wound management? - ✔✔Infection Control
✔✔Autonomic Dysreflexia - ✔✔Medical Emergency caused by simultaneous
sympathetic and parasympathetic activity (bowel or bladder distension pain or a
pressure ulcer)
✔✔What are S&S of Autonomic Dysreflexia? - ✔✔Hypertension, Bradycardia, Severe
Headaches, Pallor below and Flushing above the cord lesions, Convulsions
✔✔What are the normal ranges for pH, HCO3, and CO2? - ✔✔pH: 7.35 (acid) - 7.45
(base)
HCO3: 22 (acid) - 26 (base)
CO2: 35 (base) - 45 (acid)
