PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ALL EXAM SCRIPT 2026/2027
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? - ✔✔Chron's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
✔✔Chron's Disease - ✔✔Hardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being
absorbed.
✔✔Ulcerative Colitis - ✔✔Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum.
Bloody Diarrhea (!)
✔✔What are the major risk factors for patients developing peptic ulcer disease? -
✔✔Spicy Foods, Stress, NSAID medications, Glucocorticoids, Alcohol, H. pylori
✔✔What are signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? - ✔✔Pain when swallowing
(dysphagia), Epigastric pain (goes away if they eat food), Vomiting Bright Red Blood,
Coffee Grain Colored Stool
✔✔What are potential risk factors for breast cancer? - ✔✔Early period & Late
menopause, Late 1st pregnancy (after 30), Genetic history - especially if mom/sister has
it
✔✔What increases the risk for having candidiasis? - ✔✔Oral or IV Antibiotics
✔✔How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? - ✔✔A: Oral - Fecal
B: Blood & Bodily Fluids
C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids
✔✔What happens in acceleration and deceleration? (Coup/Contrecoup) - ✔✔Polar
injuries of the brain within the skull resulting in double injury
✔✔What is the 1st priority for a patient who comes in with S&S of a stroke? - ✔✔Protect
the Airway - keep it opened!
✔✔What is a tonic-clonic seizure? - ✔✔"Grand Mal" (aka: Generalized Seizure)
Unconsciousness, Convulsions, Muscle Rigidity
✔✔What stage of sleep do most dreams occur in? - ✔✔REM (Stage V)
✔✔What are the poorest neurological symptoms we can see in an unconscious patient?
- ✔✔Hyperactive/Hypoactive Reflexes, Pupil Restriction/No Response,
Decorticate/Decerebrate Posturing
, ✔✔What are the 3 parts of the Glaucoma scale? - ✔✔Verbal, Motor, Eye Movement
Score of 3(least) - 15(best)
✔✔What kind of hemorrhage do cerebral aneurisms cause? - ✔✔Subarachnoid
✔✔What causes a cerebral aneurism? - ✔✔Ballooning out of a blood vessel -
Atherosclerosis, Trauma, Hypertension, Infection
✔✔What is the difference between focal and generalized seizure? - ✔✔Focal Seizure -
affects 1 spot
Generalized Seizure - all over the brain
✔✔What are night terrors? - ✔✔Affects children, causes fear that is difficult to wake
them up from. Fear is still persistent when awoken
✔✔How do you determine how to treat a stroke? - ✔✔Determine if its a Hemorrhagic or
Ischemic Stroke
✔✔What are the S&S of Parkinson's disease? - ✔✔Pill Rolling, Shuffling Gait,
Unintentional Tremors at Rest, Drooling
✔✔What are the S&S of a right sided cerebral stroke? - ✔✔Life Sided Weakness
✔✔What causes Encephalitis? - ✔✔West Nile Virus
✔✔What are risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes? - ✔✔Hypertension
✔✔What kind of things will you see with fibro myalgia? - ✔✔(18) Tender Spots, Pain
w/o Inflammation, Fatigue
✔✔What would you expect when a student comes in with S&S of a fever of 102,
headache, and confusion? - ✔✔Meningitis - very contagious!
✔✔Do children have higher or lower thresholds for pain than adults? - ✔✔Lower
✔✔What happens to the brain signals in multiple sclerosis? - ✔✔Slow Down
✔✔What is one of the main complications with spinal cord injury patients, even years
later after the injury? - ✔✔Autonomic Dysreflexia
✔✔What is a normal intracranial pressure? - ✔✔5 - 15 mmHg
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? - ✔✔Chron's Disease
Ulcerative Colitis
✔✔Chron's Disease - ✔✔Hardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being
absorbed.
✔✔Ulcerative Colitis - ✔✔Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum.
Bloody Diarrhea (!)
✔✔What are the major risk factors for patients developing peptic ulcer disease? -
✔✔Spicy Foods, Stress, NSAID medications, Glucocorticoids, Alcohol, H. pylori
✔✔What are signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? - ✔✔Pain when swallowing
(dysphagia), Epigastric pain (goes away if they eat food), Vomiting Bright Red Blood,
Coffee Grain Colored Stool
✔✔What are potential risk factors for breast cancer? - ✔✔Early period & Late
menopause, Late 1st pregnancy (after 30), Genetic history - especially if mom/sister has
it
✔✔What increases the risk for having candidiasis? - ✔✔Oral or IV Antibiotics
✔✔How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? - ✔✔A: Oral - Fecal
B: Blood & Bodily Fluids
C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids
✔✔What happens in acceleration and deceleration? (Coup/Contrecoup) - ✔✔Polar
injuries of the brain within the skull resulting in double injury
✔✔What is the 1st priority for a patient who comes in with S&S of a stroke? - ✔✔Protect
the Airway - keep it opened!
✔✔What is a tonic-clonic seizure? - ✔✔"Grand Mal" (aka: Generalized Seizure)
Unconsciousness, Convulsions, Muscle Rigidity
✔✔What stage of sleep do most dreams occur in? - ✔✔REM (Stage V)
✔✔What are the poorest neurological symptoms we can see in an unconscious patient?
- ✔✔Hyperactive/Hypoactive Reflexes, Pupil Restriction/No Response,
Decorticate/Decerebrate Posturing
, ✔✔What are the 3 parts of the Glaucoma scale? - ✔✔Verbal, Motor, Eye Movement
Score of 3(least) - 15(best)
✔✔What kind of hemorrhage do cerebral aneurisms cause? - ✔✔Subarachnoid
✔✔What causes a cerebral aneurism? - ✔✔Ballooning out of a blood vessel -
Atherosclerosis, Trauma, Hypertension, Infection
✔✔What is the difference between focal and generalized seizure? - ✔✔Focal Seizure -
affects 1 spot
Generalized Seizure - all over the brain
✔✔What are night terrors? - ✔✔Affects children, causes fear that is difficult to wake
them up from. Fear is still persistent when awoken
✔✔How do you determine how to treat a stroke? - ✔✔Determine if its a Hemorrhagic or
Ischemic Stroke
✔✔What are the S&S of Parkinson's disease? - ✔✔Pill Rolling, Shuffling Gait,
Unintentional Tremors at Rest, Drooling
✔✔What are the S&S of a right sided cerebral stroke? - ✔✔Life Sided Weakness
✔✔What causes Encephalitis? - ✔✔West Nile Virus
✔✔What are risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes? - ✔✔Hypertension
✔✔What kind of things will you see with fibro myalgia? - ✔✔(18) Tender Spots, Pain
w/o Inflammation, Fatigue
✔✔What would you expect when a student comes in with S&S of a fever of 102,
headache, and confusion? - ✔✔Meningitis - very contagious!
✔✔Do children have higher or lower thresholds for pain than adults? - ✔✔Lower
✔✔What happens to the brain signals in multiple sclerosis? - ✔✔Slow Down
✔✔What is one of the main complications with spinal cord injury patients, even years
later after the injury? - ✔✔Autonomic Dysreflexia
✔✔What is a normal intracranial pressure? - ✔✔5 - 15 mmHg
