2
Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2 || || || || || ||
Review questions with accurate answers || || || ||
The CNS is divided into two branches: - ✔✔the PNS and the SNS
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
What are the most distinctive characteristics of the two branches of the CNS? - ✔✔The PNS
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
is the peaceful, energy conserving mode. The SNS is the "Fight or flight" stress defense
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
mode
Focal brain injury is: - ✔✔grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a precise location
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
(epidural or subdural hemorrhage) || || ||
Diffuse Brain Injury is: - ✔✔a multifocal injury that causes harm to the brain globally.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Examples are meningitis, hypoxia, blood vessel damage
|| || || || || ||
Autonomic hyperreflexia: - ✔✔Individual has a lesion at T5/6 and above. Symptoms
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
include: paroxysmal hypertension (up to 300 mmhg), pounding headache, blurred vision,
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
flushing above the site of injury, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection, bradycardia
|| || || || || || || || || ||
What is happening pathophysiology-wise with hyperreflexia? - ✔✔Stimulation of the
|| || || || || || || || || ||
carotid sinus to the vagus nerve to the sinoatrial nerve occurs. The ANS reflexively responds
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
with an arteriolar spasm that increases BP. Baroreceptors in cerebral vessels, carotid sinus,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and aorta sense the hypertension and stimulate the PNS. HR decreases, but the visceral and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
peripheral vessels don't dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through the cord.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Delirium versus Dementia: - ✔✔Delirium and Dementia are both more common in older
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
patients. Delirium usually has a transient cause and is short-lived once the cause is relieved.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Dementia is progressive and results in steady decline.
|| || || || || || || ||
, 2
Alzheimer's Disease: - ✔✔Leading cause of dementia and one of the most common causes
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults. Greatest risk factor is age and family history.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Numerous possible causes: diabetes, midlife hypertension, female, midlife obesity, smoking,
|| || || || || || || || || ||
depression, cognitive inactivity/low education level, elevated serum homocysteine and
|| || || || || || || || ||
cholesterol levels, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation. || || || ||
Pathophysiolgy of AD: - ✔✔Cause unknown, no clear understanding. EARLY-onset AD is a || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
genetic disease characterized by autosomal dominance an linked to three gene defects:
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
amyloid prescursor protein on chromosome 21, presenilin 1 (PRESEN1) on chromosome 14,
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
and Presenelin 2 (no gene specified) Post-mortem exam offers only definitive diagnosis.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Risk factors for Stroke: - ✔✔more blacks than whites. Tend to run in families. 87% are
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
ischemic. Hypertension greatest risk factor. Others include: DM, High cholesterol,
|| || || || || || || || || ||
hyperhomoysteinemia, CHF, PVD, A-fib, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity || || || || || || ||
Guillain-Barre' syndrome - ✔✔considered an auto-immune disease triggered by a preceding || || || || || || || || || ||
bacterial or viral infection. Numbness, pain, paresthesias, weakness in limbs. 10-30%
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
require a vent. 90% have symptom resolution after 4 weeks.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Myasthenia Gravis - ✔✔Insidious onset. Pregnancy/post-partum, certain anesthetic agents,
|| || || || || || || || ||
exertional fatigue, weakness. diplopia, ptosis, ocular palsies also occur
|| || || || || || || ||
Parkinson's disease - ✔✔pathogenesis unknown. Several genes identified. Loss of
|| || || || || || || || || ||
dopaminergic pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms: pill rolling, shuffling
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
gait, saliva drooling, postural instability, sleep disorders.
|| || || || || ||
Sleep deprivation: - ✔✔exacerbate pathophysiologic status of certain patient populations.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
NK cell activity occurs. Detrimental effects on respiratory and immune system function.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Hearing loss, three types: - ✔✔Conductive (interference in air conduction: otitis, tumor,
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
wax impaction) and Sensorineural (impairment of the organ of Corti or its central
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Maryville University Advanced Pathophysiology Exam 2 || || || || || ||
Review questions with accurate answers || || || ||
The CNS is divided into two branches: - ✔✔the PNS and the SNS
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
What are the most distinctive characteristics of the two branches of the CNS? - ✔✔The PNS
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
is the peaceful, energy conserving mode. The SNS is the "Fight or flight" stress defense
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
mode
Focal brain injury is: - ✔✔grossly observable brain lesions that occur in a precise location
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
(epidural or subdural hemorrhage) || || ||
Diffuse Brain Injury is: - ✔✔a multifocal injury that causes harm to the brain globally.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Examples are meningitis, hypoxia, blood vessel damage
|| || || || || ||
Autonomic hyperreflexia: - ✔✔Individual has a lesion at T5/6 and above. Symptoms
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
include: paroxysmal hypertension (up to 300 mmhg), pounding headache, blurred vision,
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
flushing above the site of injury, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection, bradycardia
|| || || || || || || || || ||
What is happening pathophysiology-wise with hyperreflexia? - ✔✔Stimulation of the
|| || || || || || || || || ||
carotid sinus to the vagus nerve to the sinoatrial nerve occurs. The ANS reflexively responds
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
with an arteriolar spasm that increases BP. Baroreceptors in cerebral vessels, carotid sinus,
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
and aorta sense the hypertension and stimulate the PNS. HR decreases, but the visceral and
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
peripheral vessels don't dilate because efferent impulses cannot pass through the cord.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Delirium versus Dementia: - ✔✔Delirium and Dementia are both more common in older
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
patients. Delirium usually has a transient cause and is short-lived once the cause is relieved.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Dementia is progressive and results in steady decline.
|| || || || || || || ||
, 2
Alzheimer's Disease: - ✔✔Leading cause of dementia and one of the most common causes
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults. Greatest risk factor is age and family history.
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
Numerous possible causes: diabetes, midlife hypertension, female, midlife obesity, smoking,
|| || || || || || || || || ||
depression, cognitive inactivity/low education level, elevated serum homocysteine and
|| || || || || || || || ||
cholesterol levels, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation. || || || ||
Pathophysiolgy of AD: - ✔✔Cause unknown, no clear understanding. EARLY-onset AD is a || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
genetic disease characterized by autosomal dominance an linked to three gene defects:
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
amyloid prescursor protein on chromosome 21, presenilin 1 (PRESEN1) on chromosome 14,
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
and Presenelin 2 (no gene specified) Post-mortem exam offers only definitive diagnosis.
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
Risk factors for Stroke: - ✔✔more blacks than whites. Tend to run in families. 87% are
|| || || || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
ischemic. Hypertension greatest risk factor. Others include: DM, High cholesterol,
|| || || || || || || || || ||
hyperhomoysteinemia, CHF, PVD, A-fib, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity || || || || || || ||
Guillain-Barre' syndrome - ✔✔considered an auto-immune disease triggered by a preceding || || || || || || || || || ||
bacterial or viral infection. Numbness, pain, paresthesias, weakness in limbs. 10-30%
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
require a vent. 90% have symptom resolution after 4 weeks.
|| || || || || || || || ||
Myasthenia Gravis - ✔✔Insidious onset. Pregnancy/post-partum, certain anesthetic agents,
|| || || || || || || || ||
exertional fatigue, weakness. diplopia, ptosis, ocular palsies also occur
|| || || || || || || ||
Parkinson's disease - ✔✔pathogenesis unknown. Several genes identified. Loss of
|| || || || || || || || || ||
dopaminergic pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra. Symptoms: pill rolling, shuffling
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
gait, saliva drooling, postural instability, sleep disorders.
|| || || || || ||
Sleep deprivation: - ✔✔exacerbate pathophysiologic status of certain patient populations.
|| || || || || || || || || ||
NK cell activity occurs. Detrimental effects on respiratory and immune system function.
|| || || || || || || || || || ||
Hearing loss, three types: - ✔✔Conductive (interference in air conduction: otitis, tumor,
|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
wax impaction) and Sensorineural (impairment of the organ of Corti or its central
|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||
