POPM 4230 Unit 4 Questions and Answers
Graded A+
What are stillbirths/perinatal mortalities? - ANS-When calf carried to term (at least
260 days) is born dead or dies within 24h-48h of birth.
What percentage of calves are stillborn? - ANS-8%
What are the causes of stillborns? - ANS-dystocia - abnormal/difficult calving, leads
to anoxia; low oxygen levels
congenital issues
Factors for dystocia - ANS-- Feto-pelvic disproportion - ratio of fetus:pelvis is too
large, leads to prolonged parturitional calving; forced extraction/c-section needed
- breed
- age
- calf presentation - arm, head bent backwards, etc.
- insufficient cervical dilation
- uterine torsion: uterus twists along long axis
What is the predominate cause of dystocia for first-timers? - ANS-Feto-pelvic
disproportion
What are the impacts of dystocia on calves? - ANS-Impaired breathing &
thermoregulation
Internal injuries
What are the short-term consequences of dystocia? - ANS-Higher mortalities
Failure of passive transfer - adaptive immunity not established from antibodies in
colostrum
What are the long-term consequences of dystocia? - ANS-Calfhood diseases impact
productivity and lifespan
How is dystocia prevented? - ANS-In cows:
- breeding/genetics: sires that promote calving ease
- nutrition: avoid over-conditioning non-lactating cows/heifers
- close observation before calving
- early intervention
In calves:
- manual feeding of colostrum
- respiratory + thermal support
- NSAIDs to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation
, What is the epidemiological triangle? - ANS-agent, host, environment
What is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in pre-weaned dairy calves? -
ANS-Diarrhea
56.5% of pre-weaning mortality results from scours, diarrhea, and other digestive
problems
What is ETEC? What does it cause? What is its pathophysiology? - ANS-
Enterotoxigenic E.Coli
affects calves <1 wk old
secretory diarrhea, severe dehydration + depression
ETEC adheres to enterocytes, releasing enterotoxins - prompt epithelial cells to
release salt and water into intestines
Highest cause of diarrhea in 1 day old calves? - ANS-E.coli
What viruses causes mild to severe diarrhea, blood streaks in diarrhea, and affects
calves 5-15 days old? - ANS-Rotavirus, Coronavirus
What is the pathophysiology of rotavirus & coronavirus? - ANS-
maladaptive/malabsorptive diarrhea
epithelial cell death due to infection
blood streaks in diarrhea due to epithelial cell destruction
lack of nutrient digestion
undigested milk/nutrients in GIT pulls fluid from calf's system (through osmosis)
What is cryptosporidia? What are its symptoms and causes? - ANS-A single celled
parasite that causes mild/severe malabsorptive/maldigestive diarrhea and wasting
It affects 5-35 day old calves
It is a ZOONOSIS - it affects both people and animals; not species specific
What is salmonella? - ANS-A serious bacterial infection
A zoonosis - can affect humans
It causes high fever, severe depression and diarrhea (w/blood or fibrin)
Usually affects <2 months old animals; but can affect any age/species
What is Salmonella Typhi? - ANS-Most common salmonella strain
What happens if salmonella bacteria enters bloodstream? - ANS-Septicemia
causes severe illness, depression, and inflammatory signs at diff sites of the body
What is salmonella dublin? - ANS-Emerging zoonotic disease in ON
infects through fecal-oral cycle; animals consume contaminated feces
commonly spread through carriers; animals that appear healthy but are shedding
bacterium in manure/milk
Graded A+
What are stillbirths/perinatal mortalities? - ANS-When calf carried to term (at least
260 days) is born dead or dies within 24h-48h of birth.
What percentage of calves are stillborn? - ANS-8%
What are the causes of stillborns? - ANS-dystocia - abnormal/difficult calving, leads
to anoxia; low oxygen levels
congenital issues
Factors for dystocia - ANS-- Feto-pelvic disproportion - ratio of fetus:pelvis is too
large, leads to prolonged parturitional calving; forced extraction/c-section needed
- breed
- age
- calf presentation - arm, head bent backwards, etc.
- insufficient cervical dilation
- uterine torsion: uterus twists along long axis
What is the predominate cause of dystocia for first-timers? - ANS-Feto-pelvic
disproportion
What are the impacts of dystocia on calves? - ANS-Impaired breathing &
thermoregulation
Internal injuries
What are the short-term consequences of dystocia? - ANS-Higher mortalities
Failure of passive transfer - adaptive immunity not established from antibodies in
colostrum
What are the long-term consequences of dystocia? - ANS-Calfhood diseases impact
productivity and lifespan
How is dystocia prevented? - ANS-In cows:
- breeding/genetics: sires that promote calving ease
- nutrition: avoid over-conditioning non-lactating cows/heifers
- close observation before calving
- early intervention
In calves:
- manual feeding of colostrum
- respiratory + thermal support
- NSAIDs to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation
, What is the epidemiological triangle? - ANS-agent, host, environment
What is the major cause of mortality and morbidity in pre-weaned dairy calves? -
ANS-Diarrhea
56.5% of pre-weaning mortality results from scours, diarrhea, and other digestive
problems
What is ETEC? What does it cause? What is its pathophysiology? - ANS-
Enterotoxigenic E.Coli
affects calves <1 wk old
secretory diarrhea, severe dehydration + depression
ETEC adheres to enterocytes, releasing enterotoxins - prompt epithelial cells to
release salt and water into intestines
Highest cause of diarrhea in 1 day old calves? - ANS-E.coli
What viruses causes mild to severe diarrhea, blood streaks in diarrhea, and affects
calves 5-15 days old? - ANS-Rotavirus, Coronavirus
What is the pathophysiology of rotavirus & coronavirus? - ANS-
maladaptive/malabsorptive diarrhea
epithelial cell death due to infection
blood streaks in diarrhea due to epithelial cell destruction
lack of nutrient digestion
undigested milk/nutrients in GIT pulls fluid from calf's system (through osmosis)
What is cryptosporidia? What are its symptoms and causes? - ANS-A single celled
parasite that causes mild/severe malabsorptive/maldigestive diarrhea and wasting
It affects 5-35 day old calves
It is a ZOONOSIS - it affects both people and animals; not species specific
What is salmonella? - ANS-A serious bacterial infection
A zoonosis - can affect humans
It causes high fever, severe depression and diarrhea (w/blood or fibrin)
Usually affects <2 months old animals; but can affect any age/species
What is Salmonella Typhi? - ANS-Most common salmonella strain
What happens if salmonella bacteria enters bloodstream? - ANS-Septicemia
causes severe illness, depression, and inflammatory signs at diff sites of the body
What is salmonella dublin? - ANS-Emerging zoonotic disease in ON
infects through fecal-oral cycle; animals consume contaminated feces
commonly spread through carriers; animals that appear healthy but are shedding
bacterium in manure/milk
