BIO 209 FINAL EXAM DREXEL FULL REVISION
NOTES WITH PROTEINS, ENZYMES, AND CELL
STRUCTURE CONCEPTS
◉ b pleated sheet.
Answer: forms sheet by H bonding between amino and carboxyl
groups of dif peptide chains
parallel, antiparallel, mixed
extended polypeptide chains
◉ levels of protein structure.
Answer: primary- amino acid residues
secondary- alpha helix
tertiary- polypeptide chain
quaternary- assembled subunits
◉ conservation of protein domains.
Answer: humans and drosophilia share portions of the same amino
acid sequences
same protein domains can be found on different proteins
◉ another name for protein assemblies.
,Answer: polymer
ex. actin filaments
◉ covalent bonds.
Answer: disulfide bonds help stabilize protein structure
◉ non covalent bonds.
Answer: mediate specificity of binding between molecules
◉ kinetic properties of enzymes.
Answer: increase rate of biological reaction without altering
reaction equilibria
decrease activation energy of a reaction
accelerate reactions through stabilization of transition states
the enzyme active site
◉ enzyme active site.
Answer: the catalytic site is 3-d
substrates bound to enzyme by electrostatic, h bonding, van der
waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions
◉ catalytic sites form clefts crevices.
,Answer: substrate bound within cleft
water excluded
nonpolar character enhances binding of substrate
◉ enzyme substrate complex.
Answer: x ray crystallography, electron microscope and
spectrophotometry
enzymes derive power by bringing in favorable substrate orientation
leonor michaelis: reaction rate increases with increasing s until
vmax is achieved
◉ saturation effect.
Answer: ES complexes form until substrate saturation occurs at
which point no more substrate binding sites are available
◉ reaction rates.
Answer: enzymes increase reaction rate by decreasing activation
energy
◉ posttranslational regulation enzyme activity.
Answer: allosteric regulation
covalent modification
proteolytic modification
, ◉ allosteric regulation.
Answer: feedback inhibition
regulates levels of synthesized end product
◉ covalent modification.
Answer: atp phosphorus and water involved
phosphorylation, adenylyation
uridylylation
methylation
ADP ribosylation
◉ proteolytic modification.
Answer: digestive enzymes
◉ proof genetic info is stored in DNA.
Answer: classes of biochemicals
chromosomes believed to harbor transmissible units
chromosomes have nucleic acids as well as proteins
nucleic acids are the macromolecule that carry cellular genetic
material
NOTES WITH PROTEINS, ENZYMES, AND CELL
STRUCTURE CONCEPTS
◉ b pleated sheet.
Answer: forms sheet by H bonding between amino and carboxyl
groups of dif peptide chains
parallel, antiparallel, mixed
extended polypeptide chains
◉ levels of protein structure.
Answer: primary- amino acid residues
secondary- alpha helix
tertiary- polypeptide chain
quaternary- assembled subunits
◉ conservation of protein domains.
Answer: humans and drosophilia share portions of the same amino
acid sequences
same protein domains can be found on different proteins
◉ another name for protein assemblies.
,Answer: polymer
ex. actin filaments
◉ covalent bonds.
Answer: disulfide bonds help stabilize protein structure
◉ non covalent bonds.
Answer: mediate specificity of binding between molecules
◉ kinetic properties of enzymes.
Answer: increase rate of biological reaction without altering
reaction equilibria
decrease activation energy of a reaction
accelerate reactions through stabilization of transition states
the enzyme active site
◉ enzyme active site.
Answer: the catalytic site is 3-d
substrates bound to enzyme by electrostatic, h bonding, van der
waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions
◉ catalytic sites form clefts crevices.
,Answer: substrate bound within cleft
water excluded
nonpolar character enhances binding of substrate
◉ enzyme substrate complex.
Answer: x ray crystallography, electron microscope and
spectrophotometry
enzymes derive power by bringing in favorable substrate orientation
leonor michaelis: reaction rate increases with increasing s until
vmax is achieved
◉ saturation effect.
Answer: ES complexes form until substrate saturation occurs at
which point no more substrate binding sites are available
◉ reaction rates.
Answer: enzymes increase reaction rate by decreasing activation
energy
◉ posttranslational regulation enzyme activity.
Answer: allosteric regulation
covalent modification
proteolytic modification
, ◉ allosteric regulation.
Answer: feedback inhibition
regulates levels of synthesized end product
◉ covalent modification.
Answer: atp phosphorus and water involved
phosphorylation, adenylyation
uridylylation
methylation
ADP ribosylation
◉ proteolytic modification.
Answer: digestive enzymes
◉ proof genetic info is stored in DNA.
Answer: classes of biochemicals
chromosomes believed to harbor transmissible units
chromosomes have nucleic acids as well as proteins
nucleic acids are the macromolecule that carry cellular genetic
material
