NURS 8022: FINAL EXAM - M/S
CORRECT 100%
axial skeleton - ANSWERPortion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib
cage, and vertebral column; 80 bones
Appendicular skeleton - ANSWERbones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower
extremities; 126 bones
osteoblasts - ANSWERbone forming cells; bone is shaped according to function;
derived from mesenchymal cells; produce osteocalcin when stimulated by vitamin D
osteoclasts - ANSWERBone-destroying cells, break down bone matrix for remodeling
and the release of calcium; large and multinucleated
osteocytes - ANSWERa bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in
the matrix it has secreted; maintain bone by signaling osteoblasts and osteoclasts to
form and resorb bone
Compact bone - ANSWERHard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane
of a bone; cortical bone; 85% of the skeleton; solid and strong; haversian system is
basic structural unit in compact bone
Spongy bone - ANSWERLayer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just
inside the layer of compact bone; cancellous bone; 15% of the skeleton; filled with red
bone marrow; lack haversian system; trabeculae: plates or bars instead
bone remodeling - ANSWERongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone
tissue
bone repair - ANSWER1. hematoma formation
2. callus formation
3. callus ossification
4. bone remodeling
Fibrous joints - ANSWERconsists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds
the bones tightly together; sutures
cartilaginous joints - ANSWERallow only slight movement and consist of bones
connected entirely by cartilage
symphysis joint - ANSWERtwo bones joined by fibrocartilage; symphysis pubis and
intervertebral disks
, synchondrosis joint - ANSWERBones are joined by Hyaline cartilage only; joints
between ribs and sternum
synovial joints - ANSWERmost movable and the most complex joints
fusiform muscles - ANSWERthick in middle and tapered at ends
biceps brachii , gastrocnemius
pennate muscles - ANSWERBroad, flat, and slightly fan shaped
skeletal muscle - ANSWERa muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the
mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body.
Muscle contraction - ANSWERInteractions between actin and myosin filaments of the
sarcomere are responsible for
Muscle contraction steps - ANSWERexcitation, excitation-contraction coupling,
contraction, relaxation
isometric muscle contraction - ANSWERa static contraction that generates muscle
tension but does not result in body movement
isotonic muscle contraction - ANSWERmuscle changes in length with no change in
tension
Aging and the Musculoskeletal System - ANSWERbone remodeling, osteoporosis;
postural changes and decreased height because of shortening of the vertebral column
due to loss of water content and thinning of the vertebral discs; contour changes due to
loss of fat in the body periphery; bony prominences become more marked
Complete fracture - ANSWERbone is broken all the way through
incomplete fracture - ANSWERbone is not broken all the way through but still in one
piece
comminuted fracture - ANSWERbone breaks into many fragments
linear fracture - ANSWERthe fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
oblique fracture - ANSWERfracture of the shaft of the bone is slanted
spiral fracture - ANSWERa fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
transverse fracture - ANSWERoccurs straight across the bone
greenstick fracture - ANSWERperforates one cortex and splinters the spongy bone
CORRECT 100%
axial skeleton - ANSWERPortion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib
cage, and vertebral column; 80 bones
Appendicular skeleton - ANSWERbones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower
extremities; 126 bones
osteoblasts - ANSWERbone forming cells; bone is shaped according to function;
derived from mesenchymal cells; produce osteocalcin when stimulated by vitamin D
osteoclasts - ANSWERBone-destroying cells, break down bone matrix for remodeling
and the release of calcium; large and multinucleated
osteocytes - ANSWERa bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in
the matrix it has secreted; maintain bone by signaling osteoblasts and osteoclasts to
form and resorb bone
Compact bone - ANSWERHard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane
of a bone; cortical bone; 85% of the skeleton; solid and strong; haversian system is
basic structural unit in compact bone
Spongy bone - ANSWERLayer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just
inside the layer of compact bone; cancellous bone; 15% of the skeleton; filled with red
bone marrow; lack haversian system; trabeculae: plates or bars instead
bone remodeling - ANSWERongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone
tissue
bone repair - ANSWER1. hematoma formation
2. callus formation
3. callus ossification
4. bone remodeling
Fibrous joints - ANSWERconsists of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, holds
the bones tightly together; sutures
cartilaginous joints - ANSWERallow only slight movement and consist of bones
connected entirely by cartilage
symphysis joint - ANSWERtwo bones joined by fibrocartilage; symphysis pubis and
intervertebral disks
, synchondrosis joint - ANSWERBones are joined by Hyaline cartilage only; joints
between ribs and sternum
synovial joints - ANSWERmost movable and the most complex joints
fusiform muscles - ANSWERthick in middle and tapered at ends
biceps brachii , gastrocnemius
pennate muscles - ANSWERBroad, flat, and slightly fan shaped
skeletal muscle - ANSWERa muscle that is connected to the skeleton to form part of the
mechanical system that moves the limbs and other parts of the body.
Muscle contraction - ANSWERInteractions between actin and myosin filaments of the
sarcomere are responsible for
Muscle contraction steps - ANSWERexcitation, excitation-contraction coupling,
contraction, relaxation
isometric muscle contraction - ANSWERa static contraction that generates muscle
tension but does not result in body movement
isotonic muscle contraction - ANSWERmuscle changes in length with no change in
tension
Aging and the Musculoskeletal System - ANSWERbone remodeling, osteoporosis;
postural changes and decreased height because of shortening of the vertebral column
due to loss of water content and thinning of the vertebral discs; contour changes due to
loss of fat in the body periphery; bony prominences become more marked
Complete fracture - ANSWERbone is broken all the way through
incomplete fracture - ANSWERbone is not broken all the way through but still in one
piece
comminuted fracture - ANSWERbone breaks into many fragments
linear fracture - ANSWERthe fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone
oblique fracture - ANSWERfracture of the shaft of the bone is slanted
spiral fracture - ANSWERa fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
transverse fracture - ANSWERoccurs straight across the bone
greenstick fracture - ANSWERperforates one cortex and splinters the spongy bone
