Summer Nursing Foundations Comprehensive
Exam Bank 250 Questions with Correct Answers
& Detailed Rationales 2026/2027 Edition
Section 1: Nursing Theory, History & Professional Practice
(Questions 1-25)
1. Florence Nightingale's contributions to nursing included
all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Establishing the first nursing school at St. Thomas' Hospital in
London
B. Emphasizing the importance of a clean environment, fresh air,
and adequate nutrition
C. Developing the first theory of transcultural nursing
D. Using statistical analysis to demonstrate the impact of
sanitation on mortality
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Florence Nightingale is known for establishing the
first secular nursing school, emphasizing environmental hygiene,
and using statistics to improve sanitation. Madeleine Leininger is
the founder of transcultural nursing theory. Nightingale's
environmental theory focused on manipulating the patient's
environment to promote healing.
2. The nurse is caring for a patient who is postoperative day 2
following abdominal surgery. The patient reports feeling
,"worried" about going home. The nurse sits with the patient,
listens to concerns, and provides reassurance. This action
best demonstrates which nursing role?
A. Caregiver
B. Advocate
C. Counselor
D. Educator
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The counselor role involves providing emotional
support, listening to concerns, and helping patients cope with
stress and anxiety. While the nurse is also a caregiver, the specific
actions of sitting, listening, and providing reassurance align most
closely with the counselor role.
3. A nurse is explaining the concept of "patient-centered
care" to a nursing student. Which statement best describes
this concept?
A. Care that is based on the healthcare provider's preferences and
expertise
B. Care that respects the patient's values, preferences, and needs,
and ensures patient values guide all clinical decisions
C. Care that focuses solely on the patient's medical diagnosis and
treatment
D. Care that is provided only when the patient requests it
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Patient-centered care is a core competency in nursing
that emphasizes respecting and responding to individual patient
preferences, needs, and values, and ensuring that patient values
,guide all clinical decisions. It is a key component of the Quality
and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) initiative【1†L1-L5】.
4. According to Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory,
nursing care is required when:
A. The patient is unable to perform self-care activities
independently
B. The patient is in the hospital
C. The patient has a medical diagnosis
D. The patient requests nursing care
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory proposes that nursing
is needed when individuals are unable to meet their own self-care
needs due to limitations or deficits. The nurse's role is to help the
patient meet these needs and promote independence.
5. A nurse is using evidence-based practice (EBP) to guide
patient care. Which of the following is the correct order of the
EBP process?
A. Ask a clinical question, acquire evidence, appraise evidence,
apply evidence, assess outcomes
B. Acquire evidence, ask a clinical question, appraise evidence,
apply evidence, assess outcomes
C. Ask a clinical question, appraise evidence, acquire evidence,
apply evidence, assess outcomes
D. Apply evidence, ask a clinical question, acquire evidence,
appraise evidence, assess outcomes
, Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The EBP process follows the "5 A's": Ask a clinical
question (PICO format), Acquire the best evidence, Appraise the
evidence for validity and applicability, Apply the evidence to
practice, and Assess the outcomes【2†L1-L10】.
6. A nurse is caring for a patient who is anxious about an
upcoming procedure. The nurse explains the procedure in
simple terms, answers questions, and remains with the
patient. This action demonstrates which of Watson's carative
factors?
A. Formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values
B. Instillation of faith-hope
C. Cultivation of sensitivity to self and others
D. Development of a helping-trust relationship
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring includes
carative factors. The nurse's actions of explaining, answering
questions, and remaining present help establish a helping-trust
relationship, which is foundational to therapeutic nursing care.
7. A nurse is documenting patient care. Which of the
following is an example of a legally defensible documentation
entry?
A. "Patient seems confused and disoriented"
B. "Patient is agitated and uncooperative"
C. "Patient states, 'I feel dizzy and my head hurts.' Vital signs: BP
Exam Bank 250 Questions with Correct Answers
& Detailed Rationales 2026/2027 Edition
Section 1: Nursing Theory, History & Professional Practice
(Questions 1-25)
1. Florence Nightingale's contributions to nursing included
all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Establishing the first nursing school at St. Thomas' Hospital in
London
B. Emphasizing the importance of a clean environment, fresh air,
and adequate nutrition
C. Developing the first theory of transcultural nursing
D. Using statistical analysis to demonstrate the impact of
sanitation on mortality
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Florence Nightingale is known for establishing the
first secular nursing school, emphasizing environmental hygiene,
and using statistics to improve sanitation. Madeleine Leininger is
the founder of transcultural nursing theory. Nightingale's
environmental theory focused on manipulating the patient's
environment to promote healing.
2. The nurse is caring for a patient who is postoperative day 2
following abdominal surgery. The patient reports feeling
,"worried" about going home. The nurse sits with the patient,
listens to concerns, and provides reassurance. This action
best demonstrates which nursing role?
A. Caregiver
B. Advocate
C. Counselor
D. Educator
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The counselor role involves providing emotional
support, listening to concerns, and helping patients cope with
stress and anxiety. While the nurse is also a caregiver, the specific
actions of sitting, listening, and providing reassurance align most
closely with the counselor role.
3. A nurse is explaining the concept of "patient-centered
care" to a nursing student. Which statement best describes
this concept?
A. Care that is based on the healthcare provider's preferences and
expertise
B. Care that respects the patient's values, preferences, and needs,
and ensures patient values guide all clinical decisions
C. Care that focuses solely on the patient's medical diagnosis and
treatment
D. Care that is provided only when the patient requests it
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Patient-centered care is a core competency in nursing
that emphasizes respecting and responding to individual patient
preferences, needs, and values, and ensuring that patient values
,guide all clinical decisions. It is a key component of the Quality
and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) initiative【1†L1-L5】.
4. According to Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory,
nursing care is required when:
A. The patient is unable to perform self-care activities
independently
B. The patient is in the hospital
C. The patient has a medical diagnosis
D. The patient requests nursing care
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory proposes that nursing
is needed when individuals are unable to meet their own self-care
needs due to limitations or deficits. The nurse's role is to help the
patient meet these needs and promote independence.
5. A nurse is using evidence-based practice (EBP) to guide
patient care. Which of the following is the correct order of the
EBP process?
A. Ask a clinical question, acquire evidence, appraise evidence,
apply evidence, assess outcomes
B. Acquire evidence, ask a clinical question, appraise evidence,
apply evidence, assess outcomes
C. Ask a clinical question, appraise evidence, acquire evidence,
apply evidence, assess outcomes
D. Apply evidence, ask a clinical question, acquire evidence,
appraise evidence, assess outcomes
, Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The EBP process follows the "5 A's": Ask a clinical
question (PICO format), Acquire the best evidence, Appraise the
evidence for validity and applicability, Apply the evidence to
practice, and Assess the outcomes【2†L1-L10】.
6. A nurse is caring for a patient who is anxious about an
upcoming procedure. The nurse explains the procedure in
simple terms, answers questions, and remains with the
patient. This action demonstrates which of Watson's carative
factors?
A. Formation of a humanistic-altruistic system of values
B. Instillation of faith-hope
C. Cultivation of sensitivity to self and others
D. Development of a helping-trust relationship
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring includes
carative factors. The nurse's actions of explaining, answering
questions, and remaining present help establish a helping-trust
relationship, which is foundational to therapeutic nursing care.
7. A nurse is documenting patient care. Which of the
following is an example of a legally defensible documentation
entry?
A. "Patient seems confused and disoriented"
B. "Patient is agitated and uncooperative"
C. "Patient states, 'I feel dizzy and my head hurts.' Vital signs: BP
