ESS 101 EXAM ONE STUDY GUIDE
plate-tectonics---ans-✔✔outer-portion-of-the-earth-which-consists-of-slabs-of-lithosphere-
(upper-most-mantle-and-crust)-that-are-in-constant-relative-motion
three-kinds-of-plate-boundaries---ans-✔✔divergent,-convergent,-transform-fault
divergent-boundary---ans-✔✔moving-away-from-each-other
convergent-boundary---ans-✔✔moving-towards-each-other
transform-fault-boundary---ans-✔✔moving-past-each-other
layers-of-earth-from-inner-to-outer-/-composition-at-each-layer---ans-✔✔1.-inner-core:-solid-
nickel-and-iron
2.-outer-core:-molten-nickel-and-iron
3.-lower-mantle:-solid-dense-rock-
4.-upper-mantle:-mostly-solid-rock
5.-crust:-solid-less-dense-rock
mineral---ans-✔✔a-naturally-occurring,-inorganic,-crystalline-solid-with-a-definite-chemical-
composition;-defined-by-5-characteristics---crystalline(1),-solid(2),-definite-chemical-
composition(3),-naturally-occurring(4),-inorganic(5)
rock---ans-✔✔naturally-formed,-solid-material-composed-of-grains-of-one-or-more-
minerals
crystalline---ans-✔✔atoms-are-arranged-in-a-regularly-repeating,-orderly-structure,-called-
the-crystal-lattice
cleavage---ans-✔✔tendency-for-mineral-grains-to-break-on-distinct-planes----cleavage-
planes-are-the-manifestation-of-uniform-planes-of-relatively-weaker-bonds-in-the-crystal-
lattice-of-the-mineral
ultramafic---ans-✔✔>85%-dark-minerals
mafic---ans-✔✔>45%-dark-minerals
intermediate---ans-✔✔~25-45%-dark-minerals
plate-tectonics---ans-✔✔outer-portion-of-the-earth-which-consists-of-slabs-of-lithosphere-
(upper-most-mantle-and-crust)-that-are-in-constant-relative-motion
three-kinds-of-plate-boundaries---ans-✔✔divergent,-convergent,-transform-fault
divergent-boundary---ans-✔✔moving-away-from-each-other
convergent-boundary---ans-✔✔moving-towards-each-other
transform-fault-boundary---ans-✔✔moving-past-each-other
layers-of-earth-from-inner-to-outer-/-composition-at-each-layer---ans-✔✔1.-inner-core:-solid-
nickel-and-iron
2.-outer-core:-molten-nickel-and-iron
3.-lower-mantle:-solid-dense-rock-
4.-upper-mantle:-mostly-solid-rock
5.-crust:-solid-less-dense-rock
mineral---ans-✔✔a-naturally-occurring,-inorganic,-crystalline-solid-with-a-definite-chemical-
composition;-defined-by-5-characteristics---crystalline(1),-solid(2),-definite-chemical-
composition(3),-naturally-occurring(4),-inorganic(5)
rock---ans-✔✔naturally-formed,-solid-material-composed-of-grains-of-one-or-more-
minerals
crystalline---ans-✔✔atoms-are-arranged-in-a-regularly-repeating,-orderly-structure,-called-
the-crystal-lattice
cleavage---ans-✔✔tendency-for-mineral-grains-to-break-on-distinct-planes----cleavage-
planes-are-the-manifestation-of-uniform-planes-of-relatively-weaker-bonds-in-the-crystal-
lattice-of-the-mineral
ultramafic---ans-✔✔>85%-dark-minerals
mafic---ans-✔✔>45%-dark-minerals
intermediate---ans-✔✔~25-45%-dark-minerals
