Computer Science All in One Notes by ACT Malappuram Study Notes Updated Latest 2026–2027 Computer Science Programming Data Structures Algorithms Operating Systems Database Management Networking Software Engineering Exam Study Material for Students.

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ACT– ASSOCIATION OFCOMPUTER TEACHERSY Y Y Y Y Y




MALAPPURAM



ComprehensiveStudyNoteson Y Y Y




COMPUTER SCIENCE Y




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Contents
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1 ThedisciplineofComputing
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2 Data Representation and Boolean Algebra
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3 Components of Computer System Y Y Y 15

4 Principles of programming and problem solving
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5 Introductiontoprogramming Y Y 28

6 Data types and operators
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7 Contro Statements F Y 35

8 Arrays 40

9 String handling using I/O functions
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10 Functions 47

11 Computer networks Y 52

12 Internetand mobilecomputing Y Y Y 60

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CHAPTER 1 Y




ThedisciplineofComputing
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Computing milestones and machine evolution
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1. Development of number systems: Y Y Y




Origin Base Features
Egyptians (3000 BC) Y Y 10 • Right to left Y Y




Sumerian/ Y 60 • Sexagesima system F Y




• Left to Right
Babylonian
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• Used blank space for 0
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Chinese(2500BC) Y Y 10 • Used bamboo rods to represent digits
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India(1500years ago)Y Y Y • Invented a symbo for zero Y Y F Y Y




• Positiona decima system F Y F Y




• Hindu-Arabic Numera system Y F Y




Greek (500BC) Y 10 • Ionian number system Y Y




RomanNumeral Y • 7 letters[ I, V, X, (50 ),C (100),
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D(500), M (1000 ) ] Y Y Y Y




Mayans 20 • Greataccuracy Y




Evolutionofthe computingmachine:
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1.Abacus:
• means calculating!!board.

• Discovered!!by!!the!!Mesopotamians.
• Used!!for!!arithmetical!!calculations.
2. Napier's!!bones.
• John! ! Napier! ! invented! ! a! ! set! ! of! ! numbered! ! rods! ! to! ! simplify! ! multiplication! ! process! ! (
Napier's!!bones).
• He also!!invented!!logarithm.
3. Pascaline:
• Blaise! ! Pascal!!developed!!in!!1642
• can! ! perform! ! arithmetic operations.
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• Operated!!by!!dialling!! a!!series!! of!!wheels,!! gears!!and!! cylinders.
4. Leibniz's calculator! ! ! ! :
• Leibniz! ! designed! ! a! ! calculating! ! machine!!called!!step!!reckoner.
• Expanded!!on!!Pascal’s!!idea!!to!!perform!!multiplication!!and!!division!!too.



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5. Jacquard's!!loom:
• Joseph! ! Jacquard!!invented!!a!!mechanical!!loom!!to!!simplify !! a!!textile !! manufacturi
ng ! ! process.
• The! ! loom! ! controlled! ! by!!punched!!cards!!had!!the!!ability!!to!!store!!information.
6. Difference!!Engine
• Developed!!by!!Charles!!Babbage
• compile!!mathematical!!tables,!!do!!arithmetical!!operations!!and!!print!!results!!automatically.
• Developed! ! by! ! Charles! ! Babbage! ! in! ! 1833
• Had!!many!!essential!!features!!found!!in!!modern!!digital!!computer.
• Programmable!!using!!punched!!cards
• It!!had!!a!!store!!(memory)!!and!!a!!separate!!‘Mill’!!(Processor)
8. Hollarith’s!!Machine
• Herman!!Hollarith!!made!!first!!electromechanical!!punched!!card!!tabulator!!with!!input,!!output!!a
nd!!instructions.
• Used!!electricity!!to!!read,!!count!!and!!sort!!punched!!cards.
9. Mark-I Computer:
• Developed!!by!!Howard!! Aiken
• Could! ! do! ! all!! 4! ! arithmetic!! operations,logarithmic! ! and!! trigonometric!!functions.
Generations!!of!!Computer
1) First!!generation!!computers:
• Used!!Vacuum!!tubes
• The! ! ENIAC!! (Electronic! ! Numerical! ! Integrator! ! and! ! Calculator! ! ),! ! the
first!!general! ! purpose! ! programmable! ! electronic!!computer(built! ! by!!J.! ! P.! ! Eckert!!and! ! John!!
Mauchly.)
• UNIVAC(! ! UNIVersal! ! Automatic! ! Computer! ! ).! ! -! ! first! ! commercially! ! successful! ! computer
• Von!!Neumann!!designed! ! EDVAC(! ! Electronic!!Discrete!!Variable!!Automatic! ! Computer!! )
with! ! a!!memory!!to!!store!!program!!and!!data.(!!stored!!program!!concept)
2) Second! ! Generation! ! Computers! ! :
• Vacuum! ! tubes! ! were! ! replaced! ! by!! transistors ! ! reducing ! ! size.
• less! ! electricity,! ! less! ! expensive.
• Concept!!of!!programming!!language!!was!!developed.!! High!!Level!!Languages!!like!!FORTAN
(FORmula! ! ! ! TRANslation),! ! COBOL!!(COmmon Business! ! Oriented! ! Language)! ! ! ! developed.
• Magnetic! ! core! ! memory! ! (Primary!!memory! ! )! ! and! ! magnetic! ! disk! ! memory! ! (Sec
ondary!!memory!!).
• The! ! popular! ! computers! ! are! ! IBM!! 1401! ! and!!IBM!!1620




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3) Third! ! Generation!! Computers:
• Silicon! ! chips! ! or! ! IC(Integrated Circuits)!!that!!contain!! very!! small!!transistors!!were
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• Transistors were replaced by IC's. F Y F
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• It reduced size, increased speed and
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efficiency,


• High Level Language BASIC (Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code )
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was developed F Y




• Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on IC's doubles approximately every two
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years.
• The popular computers are IBM 360 and IBM 370.
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4) Fourth Generation Computers: F Y F Y




• Microprocessors are used (a single chip with Large Scale of Integration (LSI) of electronic F
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components)
• Later LSI circuits were replaced by VLSI ( Very Large Scale Integration ).
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• IBM PC and Apple II are popular computers. Programming Languages like. C, C++, Java etc.were
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developed.
e). Fifth Generation Computers:
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• They are based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). F Y F Y F Y F Y F
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• AI is the ability of machines to simulate human intelligence
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• Presently in the development stage. F
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• Common AI programming Languages- LISP and Prolog. F Y F Y F
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Program:
The set of detailed instructions given to a computer for executing specific tasks.
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Programming languages are artificial languages designed to give instructions to the computers.
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• Machine language (Low Level Language -LLL).consists of 0's and 1's. This is the only language F Y F
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understood by the computer. F Y F
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• Assembly language, with English like words instead of 0's and 1's EDSAC (Electronic Delay F Y F Y F Y F Y F
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Storage Automatic Calculator ) built in 1949 was the first computer to use assembly language.
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• Later, High Level Languages (HLL) like, BASIC, C, C++, Java etc were developed.
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Algorithm and Computer programs: F Y F Y F Y




An algorithm is a step by step procedure to solve a problem.
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Theory of computing:
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• This branch deals with how efficiently problems can be solved based on computation models
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and related algorithms. The study is based on a mathematical abstraction of computers called
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model of computation. F Y F Y




• The most commonly used model is Turing machine named after the computer scientist Alan
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