NUR 242 MED SURG EXAM 3 COMPLETE 273 QUESTIONS COMPLETE
WITH 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
1. What is ventilation?
Correct answer: the movement of air into and out of the lungs
2. What is perfusion?
Correct answer: the circulation of blood through the lungs
3. What are central chemoreceptors responsive to?
Correct answer: increased H+ in the brain ECF; increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
4. What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to?
Correct answer: decreased pH; increased PaCO2; decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
5. What are elastic forces?
Correct answer: lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
6. What are surface forces?
Correct answer: surface tension due to water-air interface
7. What is airway resistance?
Correct answer: opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction;
primarily determined by airway radius
8. What is the distensibility of the lungs?
Correct answer: ease with which the lungs can be inflated
,9. What is lung distensibility increased in?
Correct answer: neonates and children; emphysema
10. What is lung distensibility decreased in?
Correct answer: elderly; pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS,
atelectasis, fibrosis
11. What is surfactant?
Correct answer: complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest
bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins
which reduces surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby
contributing to its general compliance; stabilizes the alveoli and keeps
them dry
12. What produces surfactant?
Correct answer: produced by the Type II alveolar cells
13. What is Ohm's law?
Correct answer: velocity = driving force/resistance
14. What is Poiseuille law?
Correct answer: resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
15. What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down?
Correct answer: the resistance goes up
16. How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs?
Correct answer: the top of the lungs are more distended and less
compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
17. What factors affect lung perfusion?
Correct answer: lung capacitance; low resistance system; flow
influenced by gravity; resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
,18. What does hypoxia lead to?
Correct answer: vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
19. What does prolonged hypoxia lead to?
Correct answer: pulmonary hypertension
20. What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion?
Correct answer: capillary permeability; surface area available for
diffusion; concentration gradient for the gas; distance for diffusion
21. What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2
affinity?
Correct answer: acidemia; hyperthermia; hypercarbia
22. What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2
affinity?
Correct answer: alkalemia; hypothermia; hypocarbia
23. What is hypoxemia?
Correct answer: deficient blood oxygen; low PaO2; low O2 saturation
24. What is hypoxia?
Correct answer: decreased tissue oxygen
25. What is hypoxic hypoxia?
Correct answer: decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
respirations
26. What is anemic hypoxia?
Correct answer: decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
hemoglobin
, 27. What is circulatory hypoxia?
Correct answer: decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased blood
flow
28. What is histotoxic hypoxia?
Correct answer: decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased toxic
substance
29. What is ischemia?
Correct answer: greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial
system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
30. What is hypercapnia?
Correct answer: increased level of CO2 in the blood
31. What are S&S of acute hypoxia?
Correct answer: dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations; agitation;
headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis;
tachypnea; tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy;
confusion to coma
32. What are some effects of hypercapnia?
Correct answer: respiratory acidosis (decreased pH from increase in
CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin;
arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
33. What is dyspnea?
Correct answer: subjective feeling of being SOB
34. What does dyspnea lead to?
Correct answer: decreased sense of wellness which may cause
psychological and social consequences
WITH 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS
1. What is ventilation?
Correct answer: the movement of air into and out of the lungs
2. What is perfusion?
Correct answer: the circulation of blood through the lungs
3. What are central chemoreceptors responsive to?
Correct answer: increased H+ in the brain ECF; increased PaCO2;
"hypercarbic drive"
4. What are peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to?
Correct answer: decreased pH; increased PaCO2; decreased PaO2;
"hypoxic drive"
5. What are elastic forces?
Correct answer: lungs recoil due to elastin, collagen, fibrin
6. What are surface forces?
Correct answer: surface tension due to water-air interface
7. What is airway resistance?
Correct answer: opposition to flow caused by the forces of friction;
primarily determined by airway radius
8. What is the distensibility of the lungs?
Correct answer: ease with which the lungs can be inflated
,9. What is lung distensibility increased in?
Correct answer: neonates and children; emphysema
10. What is lung distensibility decreased in?
Correct answer: elderly; pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS,
atelectasis, fibrosis
11. What is surfactant?
Correct answer: complex substance lining the alveoli and smallest
bronchioles containing phospholipids and a number of apoproteins
which reduces surface tension throughout the lungs, thereby
contributing to its general compliance; stabilizes the alveoli and keeps
them dry
12. What produces surfactant?
Correct answer: produced by the Type II alveolar cells
13. What is Ohm's law?
Correct answer: velocity = driving force/resistance
14. What is Poiseuille law?
Correct answer: resistance = (8 x viscosity x length) / (pi x radius^4)
15. What happens if the radius in the lungs goes down?
Correct answer: the resistance goes up
16. How is the ventilation distributed in the lungs?
Correct answer: the top of the lungs are more distended and less
compliant whereas the lower lung is small and highly compliant
17. What factors affect lung perfusion?
Correct answer: lung capacitance; low resistance system; flow
influenced by gravity; resistance primarily determined by vessel radius
,18. What does hypoxia lead to?
Correct answer: vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
19. What does prolonged hypoxia lead to?
Correct answer: pulmonary hypertension
20. What factors affect alveolar-capillary diffusion?
Correct answer: capillary permeability; surface area available for
diffusion; concentration gradient for the gas; distance for diffusion
21. What causes right shifts (decreased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2
affinity?
Correct answer: acidemia; hyperthermia; hypercarbia
22. What causes left shifts (increased affinity) in Hemoglobin-O2
affinity?
Correct answer: alkalemia; hypothermia; hypocarbia
23. What is hypoxemia?
Correct answer: deficient blood oxygen; low PaO2; low O2 saturation
24. What is hypoxia?
Correct answer: decreased tissue oxygen
25. What is hypoxic hypoxia?
Correct answer: decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
respirations
26. What is anemic hypoxia?
Correct answer: decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased
hemoglobin
, 27. What is circulatory hypoxia?
Correct answer: decreased tissue oxygen caused by decreased blood
flow
28. What is histotoxic hypoxia?
Correct answer: decreased tissue oxygen caused by increased toxic
substance
29. What is ischemia?
Correct answer: greatly reduced or interrupted flow through the arterial
system, producing significant tissue hypoxia
30. What is hypercapnia?
Correct answer: increased level of CO2 in the blood
31. What are S&S of acute hypoxia?
Correct answer: dyspnea; restlessness; palpitations; agitation;
headache; tremors; diaphoresis; respiratory distress; cyanosis;
tachypnea; tachycardia; dysrhythmias; hypertension; lethargy;
confusion to coma
32. What are some effects of hypercapnia?
Correct answer: respiratory acidosis (decreased pH from increase in
CO2); lethargy and confusion; increased HR and BP; flushed skin;
arrhythmias; seizures; coma; death
33. What is dyspnea?
Correct answer: subjective feeling of being SOB
34. What does dyspnea lead to?
Correct answer: decreased sense of wellness which may cause
psychological and social consequences
