NURS 572 Finals Prep Questions & answers Latest
Update 2026.
Total Body Water (TBW)
male: 60% of weight, 50% in elderly
female: 50% of weight, 45% in elderly
extracellular fluid
1/3 of TBW (20%), plasma (5%), interstitial (15%)
-consists of plasma and interstitial space
-major cations: Na, small amounts of K, Ca, Mg
-major anions: Cl, Bicarb, small amounts of proteins, phosphates, sulfates
Intracellular fluid
2/3 of TBW (40%)
-major cations: K, Mg
-major anions: proteins, phosphates, sulfates
Average daily intake/output
intake: 2L of water, 75% oral, 25% foods
output: 1L of urine, 250 ml of stool, 600 ml insensible losses
Minimum urinary output to clear metabolic waste
500-800 ml urine/day
osmolality
,the concentration of solutes in body fluids
normal serum osmol: 290 (275-295)
hypotonic IV fluids
-D5W
-0.45% NSS
hypertonic IV fluids
-3% NS
-D5 1/2 NSS
-D5NSS
-D10
-D5LR
IV fluid treatment for isotonic losses
-interstitial, biliary, pancreas, 3rd space: LR
-GI losses (n/v/d): NSS* or 0.45% NS with K (need more Cl, LR does not correct metabolic
alkalosis)
-moderate deficit: replace over 24 hours
-large deficit: 1L isotonic bolus
maintenance fluid requirements
-for insensible losses (sweat, urine, feces, etc), extra for fever, large NGT output, ostomy,
suctioning
,-bowel prep: 1L loss
-adults: about 1.5 ml/kg/hr
Holliday-Segar method
Used to calculate maintenance IVF baseline requirements:
First 10kg of body weight = 4 ml/kg/hr
Second 10kg of body weight= 2 ml/kg/hr
Remaining kg of body weight = 1 ml/kg/hr
NPO fluid deficit calculation
number of hours NPO x maitenence fluid requirement (about 2 ml/kg/hr NPO)
High fluid deficit maintenance
-give 50% total deficit over 1st hour
-25% total deficit over 2nd hour
-25% total deficit over 3rd hour
-in addition to maintenance fluids
unstable fluid deficit (IV boluses)
-20 ml/kg isotonic solution (usually 1L)
-may repeat x1 for unstable BP, then pressors
-determine underlying cause
IV fluid treatment for 3rd spacing
, -isotonic transfer of ECF from functional body compartments (interstitial space) to nonfunctional
body compartments
-superficial surgical trauma: 1-2 ml/kg/hr
-minimal surgical trauma (ENT, joints): 3-4 ml/kg/hr
-moderate surgical trauma (hysterectomy, GI, chest): 5-6 ml/kg/hr
-severe surgical trauma (vascular, nephro): 8-10 ml/kg/hr
IV fluid treatment for operative blood loss
3 cc crystalloid per ml of blood loss (3:1)
Colloid treatment
-large molecular weight particles retained in vascular volume, do not cross into interstitial space,
therefore more effective
-used with low ECF deficits (draws fluid from interstitial space) for hemodynamic support
-25% albumin, 5% albumin
-FFP only if clotting factors depleted
-negatives: expensive, can cause overload in CHF/renal patients
clinical presentation of ECF depletion
-dry skin, mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output, increased HR, low BP or orthostatic
-low CVP, decreased area under curve on A-line
-increased BUN/Cr ratio, slightly elevated hct,
-urine specific gravity > 1.020, urine osmo >500, urine Na <10-15
Update 2026.
Total Body Water (TBW)
male: 60% of weight, 50% in elderly
female: 50% of weight, 45% in elderly
extracellular fluid
1/3 of TBW (20%), plasma (5%), interstitial (15%)
-consists of plasma and interstitial space
-major cations: Na, small amounts of K, Ca, Mg
-major anions: Cl, Bicarb, small amounts of proteins, phosphates, sulfates
Intracellular fluid
2/3 of TBW (40%)
-major cations: K, Mg
-major anions: proteins, phosphates, sulfates
Average daily intake/output
intake: 2L of water, 75% oral, 25% foods
output: 1L of urine, 250 ml of stool, 600 ml insensible losses
Minimum urinary output to clear metabolic waste
500-800 ml urine/day
osmolality
,the concentration of solutes in body fluids
normal serum osmol: 290 (275-295)
hypotonic IV fluids
-D5W
-0.45% NSS
hypertonic IV fluids
-3% NS
-D5 1/2 NSS
-D5NSS
-D10
-D5LR
IV fluid treatment for isotonic losses
-interstitial, biliary, pancreas, 3rd space: LR
-GI losses (n/v/d): NSS* or 0.45% NS with K (need more Cl, LR does not correct metabolic
alkalosis)
-moderate deficit: replace over 24 hours
-large deficit: 1L isotonic bolus
maintenance fluid requirements
-for insensible losses (sweat, urine, feces, etc), extra for fever, large NGT output, ostomy,
suctioning
,-bowel prep: 1L loss
-adults: about 1.5 ml/kg/hr
Holliday-Segar method
Used to calculate maintenance IVF baseline requirements:
First 10kg of body weight = 4 ml/kg/hr
Second 10kg of body weight= 2 ml/kg/hr
Remaining kg of body weight = 1 ml/kg/hr
NPO fluid deficit calculation
number of hours NPO x maitenence fluid requirement (about 2 ml/kg/hr NPO)
High fluid deficit maintenance
-give 50% total deficit over 1st hour
-25% total deficit over 2nd hour
-25% total deficit over 3rd hour
-in addition to maintenance fluids
unstable fluid deficit (IV boluses)
-20 ml/kg isotonic solution (usually 1L)
-may repeat x1 for unstable BP, then pressors
-determine underlying cause
IV fluid treatment for 3rd spacing
, -isotonic transfer of ECF from functional body compartments (interstitial space) to nonfunctional
body compartments
-superficial surgical trauma: 1-2 ml/kg/hr
-minimal surgical trauma (ENT, joints): 3-4 ml/kg/hr
-moderate surgical trauma (hysterectomy, GI, chest): 5-6 ml/kg/hr
-severe surgical trauma (vascular, nephro): 8-10 ml/kg/hr
IV fluid treatment for operative blood loss
3 cc crystalloid per ml of blood loss (3:1)
Colloid treatment
-large molecular weight particles retained in vascular volume, do not cross into interstitial space,
therefore more effective
-used with low ECF deficits (draws fluid from interstitial space) for hemodynamic support
-25% albumin, 5% albumin
-FFP only if clotting factors depleted
-negatives: expensive, can cause overload in CHF/renal patients
clinical presentation of ECF depletion
-dry skin, mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor
-decreased urine output, increased HR, low BP or orthostatic
-low CVP, decreased area under curve on A-line
-increased BUN/Cr ratio, slightly elevated hct,
-urine specific gravity > 1.020, urine osmo >500, urine Na <10-15
