OD 515 Biochem Final Questions Exam 1 with
complete solutions.
Eukaryotes
Organisms with multiple RNA polymerases (POL I, II, and III) and chromatin-based regulation.
Bacteria
Organisms with a single RNA polymerase and polycistronic transcripts (mRNA that codes for
multiple polypeptides).
SWI/SNF
A chromatin remodeling complex that ejects nucleosomes and replaces them with transcription
factors.
ISWI
A chromatin remodeling complex that is responsible for nucleosome spacing.
HATs
Histone acetyltransferases that facilitate lysine acetylation leading to transcriptional activation.
HDACs
Histone deacetylases that facilitate lysine deacetylation leading to transcriptional repression.
Transcriptional Ground States
Bacteria are ON by default, while eukaryotes are OFF by default.
Enhancers
,Regulatory elements that are bound by activators and can be located anywhere in eukaryotes.
UASs
Upstream activator sequences that must be upstream and can be bound by activators in yeast.
Hormone Response Elements (HREs)
Elements that respond to hormones and regulate gene expression, typically located in promoters
or enhancers.
lncRNAs
Long non-coding RNAs that help with gene regulation and are important for hormone receptor
regulation.
Intracellular signals
Signals that occur within the same cell.
Intercellular signals
Signals that occur between nearby cells.
Extracellular signals
Signals from the environment, hormones, or nutrient levels.
Translational regulation
The process of activating translationally repressed cytoplasmic mRNA, which is faster than
assembling transcription complexes.
Totipotent
, Stem cells that can differentiate into any tissue or complete organism.
Pluripotent
Stem cells that can give rise to cells of all three germ layers.
Multipotent
Stem cells that can differentiate into a limited range of cell types.
Unipotent
Stem cells that can only develop into one type of cell/tissue.
Embryonic stem cells (ESCS)
Pluripotent stem cells derived from the early embryo.
Adult stem cells (ASCs)
Stem cells that are multi or unipotent.
RNA Polymerases
Enzymes that synthesize RNA in a 5' to 3' direction, lack proofreading, and utilize uracil.
Pol I
RNA polymerase responsible for synthesizing rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
Pol II
RNA polymerase responsible for synthesizing mRNA (messenger RNA) and ncRNA (noncoding
RNA).
Pol III
complete solutions.
Eukaryotes
Organisms with multiple RNA polymerases (POL I, II, and III) and chromatin-based regulation.
Bacteria
Organisms with a single RNA polymerase and polycistronic transcripts (mRNA that codes for
multiple polypeptides).
SWI/SNF
A chromatin remodeling complex that ejects nucleosomes and replaces them with transcription
factors.
ISWI
A chromatin remodeling complex that is responsible for nucleosome spacing.
HATs
Histone acetyltransferases that facilitate lysine acetylation leading to transcriptional activation.
HDACs
Histone deacetylases that facilitate lysine deacetylation leading to transcriptional repression.
Transcriptional Ground States
Bacteria are ON by default, while eukaryotes are OFF by default.
Enhancers
,Regulatory elements that are bound by activators and can be located anywhere in eukaryotes.
UASs
Upstream activator sequences that must be upstream and can be bound by activators in yeast.
Hormone Response Elements (HREs)
Elements that respond to hormones and regulate gene expression, typically located in promoters
or enhancers.
lncRNAs
Long non-coding RNAs that help with gene regulation and are important for hormone receptor
regulation.
Intracellular signals
Signals that occur within the same cell.
Intercellular signals
Signals that occur between nearby cells.
Extracellular signals
Signals from the environment, hormones, or nutrient levels.
Translational regulation
The process of activating translationally repressed cytoplasmic mRNA, which is faster than
assembling transcription complexes.
Totipotent
, Stem cells that can differentiate into any tissue or complete organism.
Pluripotent
Stem cells that can give rise to cells of all three germ layers.
Multipotent
Stem cells that can differentiate into a limited range of cell types.
Unipotent
Stem cells that can only develop into one type of cell/tissue.
Embryonic stem cells (ESCS)
Pluripotent stem cells derived from the early embryo.
Adult stem cells (ASCs)
Stem cells that are multi or unipotent.
RNA Polymerases
Enzymes that synthesize RNA in a 5' to 3' direction, lack proofreading, and utilize uracil.
Pol I
RNA polymerase responsible for synthesizing rRNA (ribosomal RNA).
Pol II
RNA polymerase responsible for synthesizing mRNA (messenger RNA) and ncRNA (noncoding
RNA).
Pol III
