ABO Advance Ultimate Exam
**Question 1. Which ocular tunic contains the cornea and sclera?**
A) Vascular tunic
B) Nervous tunic
C) Fibrous tunic
D) Pigmented tunic
Answer: C
Explanation: The fibrous tunic comprises the cornea and sclera, providing structural support and
protection.
**Question 2. In anisometropia, the difference in refractive power between the two eyes is primarily
measured in:**
A) Diopters of spherical error only
B) Diopters of cylindrical error only
C) Total refractive error (spherical + cylindrical)
D) Axial length alone
Answer: C
Explanation: Anisometropia is defined by the total refractive difference, including both sphere and
cylinder components.
**Question 3. The Prentice’s Rule for calculating prism induced by decentration is expressed as:**
A) Prism (Δ) = Decentration (mm) ÷ Focal length (mm)
B) Prism (Δ) = Decentration (mm) × 0.33 × Power (D)
C) Prism (Δ) = Decentration (mm) × Power (D) ÷ 10
D) Prism (Δ) = Decentration (mm) × 0.01 × Power (D)
Answer: B
Explanation: Prentice’s Rule states that prism (Δ) in prism diopters equals decentration (mm) multiplied
by the lens power (D) and 0.33.
**Question 4. Which of the following best describes the visual pathway from the retina to the occipital
cortex?**
, ABO Advance Ultimate Exam
A) Optic nerve → optic chiasm → optic tract → lateral geniculate nucleus → optic radiation → visual
cortex
B) Optic nerve → optic tract → lateral geniculate nucleus → optic chiasm → optic radiation → visual
cortex
C) Optic nerve → lateral geniculate nucleus → optic chiasm → optic tract → optic radiation → visual
cortex
D) Optic nerve → optic chiasm → lateral geniculate nucleus → optic tract → optic radiation → visual
cortex
Answer: A
Explanation: The correct sequence follows the anatomical order: optic nerve, chiasm, tract, LGN,
radiation, and finally the occipital cortex.
**Question 5. A patient presents with a –8.00 D sphere and –2.50 D cylinder at 180°. The effective
power at a vertex distance of 12 mm is closest to:**
A) –10.00 D
B) –9.83 D
C) –8.50 D
D) –8.00 D
Answer: B
Explanation: Effective power = Power / (1 – (d × Power)), where d = 0.012 m. –8.00 ÷ (1 – (0.012 × –
8.00)) ≈ –9.83 D.
**Question 6. Which refractive surgery uses an excimer laser to reshape the corneal stroma after
removal of the epithelium?**
A) LASIK
B) PRK
C) SMILE
D) LASEK
Answer: B
Explanation: Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) removes the epithelium and then applies the laser to
the stroma.
, ABO Advance Ultimate Exam
**Question 7. The index of refraction (n) of a material is defined as the ratio of:**
A) Speed of light in vacuum to speed of light in the material
B) Wavelength in the material to wavelength in vacuum
C) Frequency in vacuum to frequency in the material
D) Energy of a photon in vacuum to energy in the material
Answer: A
Explanation: n = c / v, where c is speed of light in vacuum and v is speed in the material.
**Question 8. Which lens material typically has the highest Abbe value, reducing chromatic aberration?
**
A) Polycarbonate
B) High-index (1.74)
C) CR-39
D) Trivex
Answer: C
Explanation: CR-39 (n≈1.50) has an Abbe value around 58, higher than polycarbonate (~30) and
high-index lenses.
**Question 9. In corneal topography, a “bow-tie” pattern is most indicative of:**
A) Keratoconus
B) Regular astigmatism
C) Corneal scar
D) Pterygium
Answer: B
Explanation: A symmetric bow-tie reflects regular corneal astigmatism; irregular patterns suggest
pathology.
**Question 10. A multifocal intra-ocular lens (IOL) that provides a near addition of +3.00 D is classified
as:**
A) Monofocal
, ABO Advance Ultimate Exam
B toric
C) Bifocal
D) Extended depth of focus (EDOF)
Answer: C
Explanation: Bifocal IOLs have distinct distance and near focal points, the near addition being +3.00 D.
**Question 11. Which of the following best describes the function of the lacrimal gland?**
A) Produces the mucin layer of the tear film
B) Provides the aqueous layer of the tear film
C) Controls blink reflexes
D) Maintains intraocular pressure
Answer: B
Explanation: The lacrimal gland secretes the aqueous component, the bulk of the tear film.
**Question 12. The ocular muscle that primarily intorts the eye is:**
A) Superior rectus
B) Inferior rectus
C) Superior oblique
D) Inferior oblique
Answer: C
Explanation: The superior oblique muscle intorts and depresses the eye when adducted.
**Question 13. In a lensmeter reading, a “neutralized prism” of 0.50 Δ base out is observed. This
indicates:**
A) The lens is decentered nasally
B) The lens has excess base in prism
C) The lens is positioned correctly
D) The lens has a compensating prism for esophoria
Answer: B
**Question 1. Which ocular tunic contains the cornea and sclera?**
A) Vascular tunic
B) Nervous tunic
C) Fibrous tunic
D) Pigmented tunic
Answer: C
Explanation: The fibrous tunic comprises the cornea and sclera, providing structural support and
protection.
**Question 2. In anisometropia, the difference in refractive power between the two eyes is primarily
measured in:**
A) Diopters of spherical error only
B) Diopters of cylindrical error only
C) Total refractive error (spherical + cylindrical)
D) Axial length alone
Answer: C
Explanation: Anisometropia is defined by the total refractive difference, including both sphere and
cylinder components.
**Question 3. The Prentice’s Rule for calculating prism induced by decentration is expressed as:**
A) Prism (Δ) = Decentration (mm) ÷ Focal length (mm)
B) Prism (Δ) = Decentration (mm) × 0.33 × Power (D)
C) Prism (Δ) = Decentration (mm) × Power (D) ÷ 10
D) Prism (Δ) = Decentration (mm) × 0.01 × Power (D)
Answer: B
Explanation: Prentice’s Rule states that prism (Δ) in prism diopters equals decentration (mm) multiplied
by the lens power (D) and 0.33.
**Question 4. Which of the following best describes the visual pathway from the retina to the occipital
cortex?**
, ABO Advance Ultimate Exam
A) Optic nerve → optic chiasm → optic tract → lateral geniculate nucleus → optic radiation → visual
cortex
B) Optic nerve → optic tract → lateral geniculate nucleus → optic chiasm → optic radiation → visual
cortex
C) Optic nerve → lateral geniculate nucleus → optic chiasm → optic tract → optic radiation → visual
cortex
D) Optic nerve → optic chiasm → lateral geniculate nucleus → optic tract → optic radiation → visual
cortex
Answer: A
Explanation: The correct sequence follows the anatomical order: optic nerve, chiasm, tract, LGN,
radiation, and finally the occipital cortex.
**Question 5. A patient presents with a –8.00 D sphere and –2.50 D cylinder at 180°. The effective
power at a vertex distance of 12 mm is closest to:**
A) –10.00 D
B) –9.83 D
C) –8.50 D
D) –8.00 D
Answer: B
Explanation: Effective power = Power / (1 – (d × Power)), where d = 0.012 m. –8.00 ÷ (1 – (0.012 × –
8.00)) ≈ –9.83 D.
**Question 6. Which refractive surgery uses an excimer laser to reshape the corneal stroma after
removal of the epithelium?**
A) LASIK
B) PRK
C) SMILE
D) LASEK
Answer: B
Explanation: Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) removes the epithelium and then applies the laser to
the stroma.
, ABO Advance Ultimate Exam
**Question 7. The index of refraction (n) of a material is defined as the ratio of:**
A) Speed of light in vacuum to speed of light in the material
B) Wavelength in the material to wavelength in vacuum
C) Frequency in vacuum to frequency in the material
D) Energy of a photon in vacuum to energy in the material
Answer: A
Explanation: n = c / v, where c is speed of light in vacuum and v is speed in the material.
**Question 8. Which lens material typically has the highest Abbe value, reducing chromatic aberration?
**
A) Polycarbonate
B) High-index (1.74)
C) CR-39
D) Trivex
Answer: C
Explanation: CR-39 (n≈1.50) has an Abbe value around 58, higher than polycarbonate (~30) and
high-index lenses.
**Question 9. In corneal topography, a “bow-tie” pattern is most indicative of:**
A) Keratoconus
B) Regular astigmatism
C) Corneal scar
D) Pterygium
Answer: B
Explanation: A symmetric bow-tie reflects regular corneal astigmatism; irregular patterns suggest
pathology.
**Question 10. A multifocal intra-ocular lens (IOL) that provides a near addition of +3.00 D is classified
as:**
A) Monofocal
, ABO Advance Ultimate Exam
B toric
C) Bifocal
D) Extended depth of focus (EDOF)
Answer: C
Explanation: Bifocal IOLs have distinct distance and near focal points, the near addition being +3.00 D.
**Question 11. Which of the following best describes the function of the lacrimal gland?**
A) Produces the mucin layer of the tear film
B) Provides the aqueous layer of the tear film
C) Controls blink reflexes
D) Maintains intraocular pressure
Answer: B
Explanation: The lacrimal gland secretes the aqueous component, the bulk of the tear film.
**Question 12. The ocular muscle that primarily intorts the eye is:**
A) Superior rectus
B) Inferior rectus
C) Superior oblique
D) Inferior oblique
Answer: C
Explanation: The superior oblique muscle intorts and depresses the eye when adducted.
**Question 13. In a lensmeter reading, a “neutralized prism” of 0.50 Δ base out is observed. This
indicates:**
A) The lens is decentered nasally
B) The lens has excess base in prism
C) The lens is positioned correctly
D) The lens has a compensating prism for esophoria
Answer: B
